失业保险制度对收入分配的影响——基于缴纳—领取路径的分析

The Effect of Unemployment Insurance System on Income Distribution:Based on the Analysis of the Payment-receipt Path

本文构建基于缴纳—领取路径的失业保险政策分析模式,运用平衡预算归宿法,测算各收入群体在失业保险制度作用下,其收入分布、基尼系数和累进性的变化情况。研究发现,基于缴纳—领取路径的失业保险政策近年来无论是在全国层面,还是在部分省市层面,都发挥着缩小收入差距的作用,有利于促进社会公平,但缴费环节对高低两端收入群体调节作用表现欠佳,进而也抑制了领取环节的再分配作用。此外,通过对政策累进性研究发现,失业保险金待遇水平和领取率对再分配效应的发挥起着至关重要的作用。因此,建议扩大失业保险的覆盖范围,调整失业保险的收支标准并提升立法监督水平,以充分发挥其收入再分配职能优势。

This paper constructs the analysis model of unemployment insurance policy based on the payment-receipt path,and uses the method of balanced budget incidence to calculate the changes of income distribution and gini coefficient of all residents in different income classes after paying unemployment insurance premium and receiving unemployment insurance compensation.The results show that unemployment insurance policies based on the payment-receive path can narrow the income gap at the national level or in some provinces and cities in recent years,which is conducive to social equity.However,the adjustment performance of the payment link to both low-income and high-income group is poor,which also limits the redistribution function of the receipt link.In addition,through the progressive analysis of the policy,this paper finds that the level of unemployment insurance benefits and the rate of receipt play a vital role in the redistribution effect.Therefore,it is suggested to expand the coverage of unemployment insurance,adjust the standards for unemployment insurance contributions and payments and improve the level of legislative supervision,so as to give full play to its advantages of income redistribution.