海上交通与“乘桴浮于海”新证

Maritime Traffic and the“by Beam Floating in the Sea”in Gongyechang of Analects of Confucius

《论语·公冶长》“乘桴浮于海”中的“海”意为“海外”。从语境来看,它非泛言,而是实指。关于它的具体所指,历代学者多有争论。本文试图从当时人的海外观和齐鲁之地的航海能力两个崭新的角度,来论证解决这个问题。“海外”指四海之外,即君王或天子统治区域以外的其他国家或地区。孔子时代的齐鲁之人有着较强的海上交通能力,他们尤其和朝鲜有着密切联系。综合来看,“乘桴浮于海”中意为海外的“海”即指朝鲜。孔子在学术主张得不到推行的情况下想去朝鲜,可以得到《论语·子罕》“子欲居九夷”的辅证。他的这一想法可能是受到了商末箕子事迹的启发。

The“sea”in“by beam floating in the sea”in Gongyechang of Analects of Confucius means“overseas”.As to its specific meaning,scholars and researchers of the past dynasties have disputes.From the perspective of Confucius overseas view and the navigation ability of the State of Qi and the State of Lu,we can demonstrate and solve this problem.“By beam floating in the sea”means countries or regions beyond the seas,that is,countries or regions beyond the realm ruled by Kings or sons of heaven.The people of the two states in the time of Confucius had strong maritime communications,and they had close ties with Korea in particular.Taken together,“overseas”refers to Korea.This view can also be confirmed by other parts in the Analects of Confucius.