黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域水土流失治理模式

Models of soil and water conservation in the loess hilly region of China

黄土高原是我国水土流失最为严重的区域,几十年的水土流失治理工作成果显著。当前生态文明建设已是我国国家战略之一,对黄土高原水土流失治理模式现状进行系统总结十分必要。对水土流失治理措施体系和流域土地利用情况系统分析,整理和总结了黄土高原6个典型流域的治理模式,包括治沟造地、防蚀固沙、生态农业发展、三大体系、梯田开发和水资源高效利用等6种模式。对比各治理模式发现,小流域综合治理模式是以环境治理为手段,从而达到改善人类生存和发展空间的终极目的,措施技术体系构建上体现了从坡面到沟道、工程措施植物措施相结合的特征;但不同的生态环境现状和社会经济条件下,治理模式有不同的表现形式。基于小流域水土流失治理模式的相似性和差异性,从自然地理条件和社会经济发展需求两方面探讨了流域水土流失治理模式,提出黄土高原水土流失治理模式形成机制框架,以期对当前黄土高原水土流失治理、黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展提供参考。

The Loess Plateau is the region with the most serious soil and water loss in China,and decades of soil and water conservation have remarkable achievements.As our country has put the construction of ecological civilization at the height of national strategy,it is necessary to systematically summarize the current situation of soil and water conservation models of the Loess Plateau.Based on the systematic analysis of soil and water conservation measures system and watersheds’land use conditions,we sorted out and summarized the management models of 6 typical watersheds in the Loess Plateau,including 6 models which were gully control and land reclamation,erosion control and sand fixation,ecological agriculture development,three major systems,terrace development and efficient use of water resources,respectively.Through the comparison of each soil and water conservation model,we found that the comprehensive management models of small watersheds mainly used environmental management to make the space for human being surviving and developing better.The construction of the technical system of soil and water conservation measures reflected the characteristics of the regulation from slope to gully areas and the combination of engineering and biological measurements.However,management models had different manifestations under different ecological environment status and socio-economic conditions.Based on the similarities and differences of soil and water conservation models of different small watersheds,the soil and water loss management models of watersheds were discussed from the aspects of natural geographical conditions and needs of social and economic development,and the mechanism framework of how the soil and water conservation models of the Loess Plateau form were put forward to provide references for soil and water loss management of the Loess Plateau,and ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.