正当防卫权正当化依据的反思与重构

Reflection and Reconstruction on the Legitimate Basis of the Right of Justifiable Defense

内在价值的统一、决定正当防卫权的成立条件、认识立场与路径的正确性是研究正当防卫权正当化依据所需要注意的三个基本问题。既存的优越利益说存在哲学依据存疑、利益衡量依据与标准模糊、循环论证的缺陷,因而仅具有形式意义而皆可以还原为个人保全原则或法秩序确证原则。建立在本能论与契约论的个人保全原则囿于经验主义的认识论进路,其理论前设、论证逻辑皆有误且缺乏解释能力。实证主义立场下的法确证原则亦未能逃离经验主义的桎梏,存在“法秩序”与“规范”循环论证、一般预防目的难以为继、操纵规范对象的弊病。经验主义下的二元论存在理论难以解释的价值矛盾,具体表现为在人与人之间存在冲突的前提下,如何自发要求人与人之间的结合与团结。在论证路径上,康德与黑格尔的法权学说对本质的认识从经验主义转向逻辑演绎,消解了二元论的内在价值矛盾,并且对第三人防卫、对物防卫、对无刑事责任能力人防卫、防卫时间、防卫限度、社会伦理限制等问题具有强大的解释能力。

The unity of intrinsic value,the conditions for determining the establishment of the right of justifiable defense,and the correctness of understanding the position and path are the three basic issues to pay attention to in studying the basis for the legalization of the right of justifiable defense.The existing theory of superior interests has defects,such as doubtful philosophical basis,vague interest measurement basis and standard,and circular demonstration,so they can only have formal significance and can be reduced to the principle of personal preservation or legal order confirmation.The principle of personal preservation based on instinct theory and contract theory is limited to the epistemology of empiricism,and its theory setting and argumentation logic are wrong and lack of interpretation ability.The principle of legal order confirmation under the position of positivism has also failed to escape the shackles of empiricism,and there are the disadvantages of circular demonstration of“legal order”and“standard”,difficult to sustain general prevention,and manipulate the object of adjustment.Dualism under empiricism with inherent value contradictions is embodied in how to spontaneously demand the combination and unity between people under the premise of conflict between people.On the demonstration path,the theory of Recht from Kant and Hegel understands the essence from logical interpretation instead of empiricism,which can eliminate the internal value contradiction of dualism,and has strong capacity to explain the defense against third party,object and person without criminal responsibility,defense time,defense limit,social ethics restrictions etc.