宅基地使用权流转:从限制到开禁的现实与法理逻辑

Transfer of the Right to Use Homestead:Realistic and Legal Logics from Restriction to Removal of Restriction

我国现行农村宅基地制度的主要特征是"集体所有、成员使用,一户一宅、限定面积,无偿分配、长期占有"。该制度在公平分配住宅用地、推进用地节约集约、保障农民住有所居、促进社会和谐稳定中发挥了重要作用。随着城乡社会结构变化、城乡空间结构演化,现行宅基地制度存在的问题和面临的挑战日益突出。中共中央、国务院《关于实施乡村振兴战略的意见》关于架构宅基地三权分置模式为新时期我国宅基地制度革新提供了制度指引,审判实践对宅基地使用权流转纠纷案件的审判尺度亦作出了相应调整。肯定宅基地使用权流转的合法性,有利于土地资源的合理配置,有利于农民产权的全面保护,有利于物权利益的平等实现。

Currently, China′s rural homestead system is featured with "collective ownership, member use, one household one homestead, limited area, free distribution, long-term possession". This system has played an important role in the fair distribution of residential land and the economical and intensive use of land, ensuring the housing of farmers and promoting social harmony and stability. With the change and evolution of urban and rural social and spatial structure, the existing problems and challenges in the current homestead system are becoming increasingly prominent. Provisions on the separation of three rights stipulated in The Opinions on the Implementation of Rural Revitalization Strategy by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have provided institutional guidance for the reform of the homestead system in China in the new era, and the judicial practice has also made corresponding adjustments to the judicial scale of disputes over the transfer of the right to use homestead. Affirming the legitimacy of the transfer of the right to use homestead is conducive to the reasonable allocation of land resources, to the real protection of farmers′ property rights, and to the fairness and justice of the protection of property rights.