风景的政治--约翰·福尔斯“自然书写”中的文学想象与文化消费

Landscape Politics:Literary Imagination and Cultural Consumption in the"Nature Writing"of John Folwes

约翰·福尔斯小说中的自然书写是对英国田园文学传统的继承与超越。一方面,他承袭“乡村英格兰”的文学想象传统,通过对乡村田园生活与自然风景的描绘,反衬、批判城市工业文明的诸多弊端;另一方面,他又以马克思主义批评视角与方法,揭示田园文学想象与“如画美”趣味背后的意识形态隐喻和文化消费悖论,即在描绘人与自然的和谐美好图景时,常有意遮蔽乡村的贫苦生活和主仆之间的雇佣剥削关系。都市中上层有产者欣赏乡村风景时有意忽略劳作场景,使其对自然的欣赏成为一种精英化的艺术联想。福尔斯的自然书写超越上述悖论,追溯以“罗宾汉”为原型的“绿色英格兰人”及其自然精神,借以反叛以“约翰牛”为代表的不列颠帝国形象及其资本主义精神。

The nature writing of John Fowles is the inheritance and transcendence of English pastoral literary tradition. On the one hand, he follows the literary imagination of "Rural England", criticizing the disadvantages of urban industrial civilization in contrast with the rural pastoral life. On the other hand, he reveals the ideological metaphor and cultural consumption paradox behind the idyllic imagination from the perspective of Marxist criticism. The poverty in the countryside and the employment exploitation relationship are often weakened in face of the harmony between the human and nature. The urban middle and upper strata intentionally ignore the labor scenes, making their appreciation of nature kind of artistic imagination of the elites. The nature writing of John Fowles explores the "green Englishmen" which are based on Robin Hood and their natural spirit so as to rebel against the British imperial image and the spirit of capitalism embodied in the image of John Bull.