巴基斯坦历史教科书里的中国历史书写

An Analysis on the Chinese History Writing in Pakistan History Textbooks

2015年,中巴两国外交关系被提升至全天候战略合作伙伴关系,传统友谊与全方位合作得到深化和稳固。基于这一背景,巴基斯坦人是否对中国或中国历史有着相对全面和详细的了解呢?我们以巴基斯坦历史教科书作为研究对象,考察巴基斯坦学校六年级到八年级的八套历史教科书中关于中国历史的书写。研究发现,巴基斯坦现有历史教科书中的中国历史篇幅总体占比较小,内容也很不完整。从教科书编写者的角度看,巴基斯坦本土统编历史教科书只简略讲述了中国古代文明,不涉及中国近现代和当代历史内容;英国学者编历史教科书虽勾勒了中国从古至今的历史发展主线,但却以西方价值观解读中国历史,他们的观点代表西方话语。可以说,巴基斯坦历史教科书描绘了一个不完整的"过去式"中国,关于中国历史的书写呈现鲜明的西方话语特点,但也承认中国历史发展的进步性。同时,巴基斯坦历史教科书不仅缺失中国历史的内容,而且缺少巴基斯坦与世界其他地区和国家互动交流的内容。文献分析表明,巴基斯坦历史教科书基于该国伊斯兰教历史和民族政治历史书写的原则,反映其自身伊斯兰文化传统,并对政治民族主义意识形态起到指导作用,这与英国二百多年殖民统治留下的教育和文化遗产密不可分。

China and Pakistan entered all weather strategic cooperation partnership in 2015.In this context,a hypothesis may arise as to whether or not Pakistani people have a comprehensive knowledge on China and its history.To find out the answer,Pakistan history textbooks for grade six,grade seven and grade eight were studied.The study shows there is an overall small coverage of Chinese history,and the contents are incomplete.Further view from the perspective of the textbook compilers,Pakistan textbook boards of both federal and provincial level have confined themselves to a brief ancient Chinese civilization narration and excluded the modern history and contemporary history of China;the British writers made the outline of Chinese history from the ancient time to the present,but they have applied western standard to the interpretation of the Chinese history.Generally,Pakistan history textbooks have described an incomplete and past China,and their Chinese history writing has presented a distinctive feature of western discourse.However,the progressive nature of the Chinese history and development has been recognized in the writing.Besides the small coverage of the Chinese history contents,there also lacks the writings of the exchange between Pakistan and other regions and countries in the world.Pakistan history textbooks compilation is based on the Islamic culture and political history of the country,and refects the Islamic tradition and its role in the guidance of the political nationalism development.