缅甸蒲甘文化的源与流

The Origin of Bagan Culture

缅族起源于中国西北地区,属于古羌族的一个分支。公元10世纪左右,缅族从云南进入缅甸境内。缅族进入缅甸之前,属于南亚语系的孟族、属于汉藏语系的骠族等民族已经在缅甸生活了近10个世纪,物质文明和精神文明都发展到了一定高度。缅族进入缅甸后很快与族源相近的骠族融为一体,并继承了骠族的物质和精神文明。1044年,缅人首领阿奴律陀以蒲甘为中心,建立缅甸历史上第一个统一的封建王朝蒲甘王朝。1057年,阿奴律陀出兵攻打位于缅甸南部的孟人国家直通,把30部三藏经和直通国世代供奉的佛舍利运到蒲甘,并把精通三藏经的僧侣及各类技师带到蒲甘,在蒲甘大力推动佛教的发展。此后缅人以骠文化、孟文化为基础,吸收了部分印度文化,创造了以上座部佛教为核心的蒲甘文化。蒲甘文化内涵丰富,包括宗教、文字、碑铭、佛教建筑、雕刻、绘画等内容。其中佛教建筑、雕刻、绘画等方面的成就远远高于文字和文学方面的成就,达到缅甸佛教建筑史上的最高水平。在蒲甘文化形成过程中,骠文化、孟文化和印度文化以各自不同的方式发挥了作用和影响,而缅人则为蒲甘文化的发展提供了物质基础。因此,蒲甘文化是一种综合文化,是生活在缅甸的各民族共同创造的文化瑰宝。蒲甘文化是缅甸文化的基石,其影响一直持续到今天。以上座部佛教为核心的蒲甘文化对佛教的发展做出了贡献,也对东南亚佛教文化圈的形成起到了关键作用。

Originated in Northwestern China,the Burmese entered Myanmar around 10 th century AD.Then,ethnic groups such as Mon people,which belonged to Austroasiatic languages,and Pyu people,which belonged to Sino-Tibetan languages,had been living in Myanmar for nearly 10 centuries.After the Burmese entered Myanmar,they quickly merged with Pyu people as they shared similar group origin,and inherited the material and cultural-ethical civilization of Pyu people.In 1044,Anawratha,the leader of Burmese,founded the Pagan Dynasty,with Bagan as the center.In 1057,after Anawratha conquered Mon people’s kingdom of Thaton in lower Myanmar,he brought back 30 Tripitakas and Sarira enshrined by the Kingdom of Thaton for generations and introduced monks and various technicians who were proficient in Tripitakas to Bagan in order to promote the development of Buddhism in Pagan.Bagan culture has rich connotations,including religions,scripts,steles,Buddhism architectures,sculptures and paintings.Bagan culture is a comprehensive culture and a cultural treasure created by the various ethnic groups that once lived in Myanmar.