晚清条约外交的现代性

Modernity of Treaty Diplomacy in Late Qing Dynasty

19世纪,西方国家在不断竞争和妥协的实践中冲破了教皇外交的束缚,确立了以条约外交为代表的近代外交体系。伴随着中外接触的渐趋频繁,清代传统的藩属体制在西方列强的冲击下逐渐瓦解,中国开始了从传统外交向近代外交的艰难转型。从总理各国事务衙门到南北洋通商大臣,从使领制度到外务部,在制度变迁的同时国人对近代外交的制度、规则和理念持续而理性地思考着。

In the 19 th century,western countries broke through the bondage of papal diplomacy in the practice of constant competition and compromise,and established the modern diplomatic system featured by treaties.With the frequent contact between China and foreign countries,the traditional vassal system in the Qing Dynasty was gradually disintegrated under the impact of the western powers,and China began the difficult transition from traditional diplomacy to modern diplomacy.From the prime minister’s office of foreign affairs to the minister of foreign trade,from the embassy system to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Chinese people have been continuously and rationally thinking about the system,rules and concepts of modern diplomacy in the process of institutional changes.