公共安全刑事治理的教义学评析--以《刑法修正案(十一)》为例

The Evaluation and Analysis on Criminal Governance for Public Security

公共安全领域的治安体感及风险意识助推了"积极参与社会治理"的刑法命题,这在《刑法修正案(十一)》中表现为妨害安全驾驶罪、危险作业罪等轻罪化立法的扩容。但新增轻罪不仅导致立法技术上的叠床架屋,而且暴露了对一般预防不切实际的迷信,新增罪名背后对应的仍是重刑主义旧观念,这就需要在教义学上对新罪的规范构造及司法实效做出合理认知和预判。基于罪刑法定和罪刑均衡原则,妨害安全驾驶罪应理解为抽象危险犯,本罪中的"危及公共安全"系注意性要素,妨害安全驾驶而故意引起具体危险的,仍应适用第114条;危险作业罪属于业务过失危险犯,它与重大责任事故罪不是"基本犯→结果加重犯"的关系,而是基于法益保护前置而形成的"危险犯←基本犯(结果犯)",同一业务行为流程应保持同一主观心态。在未来刑事司法实践中,应谨记"醉驾入刑"10年来刑罚边际效应递减的困境,对公共危险犯应开拓实体法上的实质出罪渠道和程序法上的过滤分流机制,在公共安全治理中破除入罪依赖、强化多元规范的共建共治。

With the increasing of risk awareness about public security, that criminal law should participate in social governance actively is widely accepted, which is manifested in Criminal Law Amendment XI. The newly-added crime on public security still corresponds to the old concept of severe punishment, which requires doctrinal correctness. The normative structure and judicial effectiveness of the new crime should be made reasonable cognition and anticipation. The crime of Obstructing Safe Driving should be understood as an abstract dangerous offense. The "endangering public safety" in Art.133 b is a precautionary element. Art.114 can still be applied to the intentional cause of specific danger when someone obstructs safe driving. The crime of Dangerous Work belongs to the crime of profession negligence.In the future judicial practice, we should keep in mind the diminishing marginal effect of "Drunk Driving Crime" over the past ten years. The substantive channels for criminal offenses in criminal law and the diversion mechanism in procedural law for public dangerous criminals should be opened up. And the criminal dependence should be broken away and strength of the co-construction and co-governance of multiple norms should be appreciated.