不同类型肥料对潮土冬小麦产量和品质及氮肥利用效率的影响

Effect of Different Types of Fertilizers on Yield,Quality and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in Alluvial Soil Farmland

近年来肥料的不合理使用导致作物产量和品质下降以及氮肥利用率降低。为选择适宜于黄淮潮土农田的肥料类型,在2017-2020年,以鑫华麦818为供试材料,不施肥处理为对照(CK),等量氮、磷、钾养分供应(N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O:20-20-5)田间定位试验条件下,系统研究了-次性基施普通肥(CF)、腐殖酸肥(HAF)、有机无机配方肥(OMF)和控失肥(CLF)4种类型肥料处理对冬小麦籽粒产量、品质、氮肥利用率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,4种肥料处理(CF、HAF、OMF、CLF)均可提高小麦产量,增幅在22.5%~53.7%之间,且以控失肥处理增产幅度最大,其次为有机无机配方肥处理。通过对各肥料处理产量构成因素分析发现,控失肥处理主要通过增加小麦穗数和穗粒数提高小麦籽粒产量。与CK比较,4种肥料处理均可提高小麦籽粒容重、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量,以控失肥和有机无机配方肥处理效果较好,但对沉降值和淀粉糊化特性无显著影响。从氮肥利用率和经济效益分析,控失肥、有机无机配方肥和腐殖酸处理小麦的氮肥农学效率分别较普通肥处理平均提高139.0%、67.5%和52.8%,差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05);以控失肥的纯效益最高,达14712元·hm^(-2)。综上所述,从小麦产量、品质、氮肥农学效率以及纯效益综合效应考虑,-次性基施控失肥(N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O:20-20-5)900 kg·hm^(-2)可作为当前研究地区的简约化施肥模式。

In recent years,the unreasonable selection of chemical fertilizers has led to the decrease of grain yield,quality and nitrogen use efficiency in crop production.In order to select suitable fertilizer types for alluvial soil farmland in Huang-Huai River,a field experiment was conducted in 2017-2020 with Xinhuamai 818 as test material.Five fertilizer treatments were performed:no fertilizer(CK),convention fertilizer(CF),humic acid fertilizer(HAF),organic matter formulated fertilizer(OMF)and controlled-loss fertilizer(CLF).The results showed that compared with CK,the four fertilizer treatments(CF,HAF,OMF,CLF)increased wheat yield by 22.5%-53.7%,and the CLF treatment had the largest increase rate,followed by the OMF treatment.Through the analysis of yield components under each fertilizer treatment,it was found that the CLF treatment could improve wheat grain yield mainly by increasing the number of ears and grains per ear.Compared with the control,the four fertilizer treatments could increase wheat grain bulk density,protein content and wet gluten content,and the CLF and OMF treatments had better effect,but had no significant effect on sedimentation value and starch gelatinization characteristics.From the analysis of nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefit,the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of wheat under CLF,OMF and HAF was 139.0%,67.5%and 52.8%higher than that under CF,respectively,with significant differences(P<0.05),and the net benefit of CLF was the highest,reaching 14712 yuan·hm^(-2).In conclusion,considering the comprehensive effects of wheat yield,quality,agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and net benefit,one-time basal application of CLF(N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O:20-20-5)900 kg·hm^(-2)can be used as a simplified fertilization mode in the current study area.