灾难教育的含义、机制与策略——基于“反向教育”的思考

The Meaning,Mechanism and Strategy of Disaster Education:From the Perspective of“Reverse Education”

教育不仅要教育学生自信、坚强,勇往直前,懂得人生的价值,亦要让学生学会伤感、怜悯、内心柔弱,懂得生命的意蕴。此二者可分别称为“正向教育”和“反向教育”。灾难教育适合从反向教育的角度去理解。在此视角下,灾难教育是指通过让学生感受人类遭受的灾难,让其体悟生命的脆弱和人类的无力,借此唤醒学生的生命意识,增进其同情心、同理心的教育。反向教育视角下的灾难教育,其重要价值在于让学生体会人类脆弱、无助、痛苦、绝望的一面,进而学会同情、学会关心,感受生命之渺小和人性之伟大;它通过加固基础的方式让学生变得更加坚强,更有道德,使其发展跃进新阶段,进入新境界。灾难教育以“非连续性”的方式对学生发展产生作用,以情感转变为枢纽来带动“应灾素质”的提升,以“返回原点”为策略加固学生发展之基。要在实践中落实灾难教育,除树立正确的灾难教育观念和创新灾难教育形式外,还要善于运用情境体验、想象体验和行动体验等策略,以唤醒学生对他人的怜悯之情、对生命的敬畏之心。

Education should not only teach students to be confident and strong,to forge ahead bravely and to understand the value of life,but also guide students to learn to be sentimental,compassionate,soft-hearted and to understand the meaning of life.These two ways can be called“obverse education”and“reverse education”respectively.It is appropriate to understand disaster education from the perspective of reverse education.From this perspective,disaster education refers to the education that enables students to feel the disasters suffered by mankind,to be conscious of the fragility of life and the powerlessness of human beings,so as to awaken students’life consciousness and enhance their compassion and empathy.The important value of disaster education lies in making students experience the vulnerability,helplessness,pain and despair of human beings,and thereby learn to sympathize,to care,and to feel the smallness of life and the greatness of human nature.Besides,it also helps students grow more strong-minded and more moral by strengthening their consciousness of life,so that they can leap into a new stage,a new realm of development.Disaster education functions in a non-continuous way to foster students’growth,takes the emotional transformation as a fulcrum to improve their disasters-overcoming ability,and leads students to cherish life in the way of backing to the starting point of education.In order to implement disaster education,apart from establishing a correct concept and choosing appropriate education forms,we should use approaches such as situational experience,imaginary experience and action experience to arouse students’compassion and their respect for life.