构建联合国工商业与人权条约的规范路径选择与实现悖论

The Paradox in Choosing and Realizing the Normative Paths to Construct the United Nations Business and Human Rights Treaty

在联合国层面制定工商业与人权条约是近几年来国际社会在工商业与人权领域进行“硬法”规制的重要探索。从规范的效用逻辑来看,构建国际人权规范的路径通常包含影响管控和损害补救两种方式。与传统国际人权文书制定路径不同,工商业与人权条约草案历经多轮谈判修订后日益呈现出浓厚的“损害补救主义”色彩,意图构建“跨国司法补救”体系,其背后的决定因素包括支持条约起草的发展中国家的求偿诉求、国际人权法体系难以直接为工商企业设立人权保障义务的理论屏障、自愿规范的低效性导致的强化“硬法”约束趋势以及破除国家保护主义等深层次原因。工商业与人权条约的谈判过程客观上促进了国际社会对以《工商企业与人权:实施联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架指导原则》为代表的“软法”规范的反思适用,使得国家日渐重视企业供应链人权尽责国内立法和工商业人权影响的国际规制,同时也对条约谈判进程本身提供了改进反馈和机会。鉴于此,我国在主动投入工商业与人权的国际治理、积极而审慎地参与条约谈判的同时,也应加快构建我国工商业与人权尽责规范体系和多方治理体系。

The development of formulating legal instruments with binding force under the UN is an important exploration of the international community’s“hard law”making in the field of business and human rights in recent years.From the perspective of the utility logic of legal norms,there are two paths in constructing international human rights norms,namely impact management and damage remediation.Unlike traditional international human rights instruments,the draft business and human rights treaty,after several rounds of negotiations and revisions,has increasingly demonstrated a stronger tendency of taking the damage remediation approach to construct a“transnational judicial remedy”system,the determinants behind which include the claims of developing countries supporting the treaty process,the theoretical barrier of the international human rights law system to be unable to establish direct obligation to safeguard human rights for business enterprises,the trend of strengthening“hard law”regulation caused by the inefficiency of voluntary norms,and the deep-seated causes of breaking down state protectionism.The process of negotiating the business and human rights treaty has objectively promoted the international community’s reflection on and enhancement of“soft law”norms,represented by the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights,and has also led countries to pay more attention to domestic human rights due diligence legislation in supply chains,as well as the international regulation of the human rights impacts of businesses,while also providing improved feedbacks and opportunities for the treaty negotiation process itself.In this context,China should actively engage in the international governance of business and human rights,and participate in the treaty negotiation proactively and prudently,while accelerating the building of China’s business and human rights due diligence normative system and governance system with stakeholders participation.