平衡国家安全与人权:欧洲人权法院适用适当性原则的分析模式及其运用实践

To Balance National Security and Human Rights:The Analytical Model and Application Practice of the Suitability Test Conducted by the European Court of Human Rights

欧洲人权法院判决在平衡人权保障与公共利益的分析上常被批评缺乏清晰性、一致性。为权衡国家安全与人权保障,欧洲人权法院需要审查国家安全措施是否适当,即能否达到缔约国所欲达到的目的。考察欧洲人权法院国家安全判例中对适当性原则的审查,可以将其司法实践总结为两种分析模式:“人权保障优先”模式和“国家安全优先”模式。两种模式下欧洲人权法院的审查标准以及重点考量因素是不同的。欧洲人权法院在国家安全案件中对适当性问题的审查具有一致性与可预测性。

The European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR)has often been criticised for lacking clarity and consistency in its reasoning of balancing human rights against conflicting public interests.To reconcile national security interests with human rights protections,the ECtHR requires the interference with rights to be suitable for reaching the objective purported by the government.This article deals with how the ECtHR conducts the suitability test in national security cases,in line with two models under which a few representative test considerations can be categorised:Human Rights Priority Model and National Security Priority Model.To explain how each model works in a comparable sense,the article shall follow the same analytic structure and examine the manner of the ECtHR’s test and the intensity of its scrutiny.The article finds that in compliance with the two models,the ECtHR applies the suitability test in a consistent and predictable way in national security case law.