岩溶景观旅游开发方式演变及主题融合式开发的探讨

Evolution of Tourism Development Modes and the Themed-Converged Development of Karst Landscapes

基于景观资源特色、区域发展水平、区位条件、知名度和管理水平等,将中国近千处岩溶景观区分为四大类,即岩溶旅游胜地、岩溶旅游经典目的地、岩溶旅游新目的地、岩溶旅游新开发区。以时间为主线,运用归纳总结法和类比分析法,深入分析中国岩溶景观近70年以来的旅游开发方式。结果表明:1)1950年以来实施并分别取得不同实施效果的主要旅游开发方式有9类38种,它们分别有不同的条件要求,与不同类型岩溶景观的特征/特色相匹配。2)不同或同一岩溶景观资源共同体/景观区往往具有多种在重要程度、开发效益、发展趋势等方面差异较大的旅游开发方式;反之,同一旅游开发方式则可能在不同岩溶景观资源共同体/景观区的开发中具有不同的实施效果、开发效益和发展趋势。3)总结出特征-利益驱动型无主题分离式开发、特色-科学驱动型主题融合式开发两大开发模式,认为它们均是岩溶旅游在特定阶段的产物,其中前者对促进岩溶旅游的发展和繁荣发挥了非常重要的作用,而后者则融“资源共同体及其特色、科学研究、开发、保护、管理、反馈”等多位一体的新模式,是新形势下岩溶旅游的主要发展趋势之一。最后,运用系统动力学方法,探索主题融合式开发的基本流程:资源共同体及其特色与科学研究分别是“内、外发动机”,以主题为灵魂“发动”衍生出开发、保护、管理、研究(后期)、反馈等运行体系。

Based on landscape characteristics,regional development level,location conditions,public awareness,and management level,and others,we categorized thousands of karst landscape areas in China into four subtypes.These types include the following:famous attractions of karst tourism,classical destinations of karst tourism,new destinations of karst tourism,and new development areas of karst tourism.Then,using time as our theme,we researched the development modes of the tourism of karst landscapes in China over the past 70 years.To do so,we used inductive and analogical analysis.Our study found three main results.First,the main tourism development modes that have been introduced and that have acquired different implementation effects since 1950 are divided into nine types and thirty-eight species.Each have different respective requirements,thereby matching with different characteristics of various karst landscapes.Second,both different and the same types of karst landscape resource communities or areas often have multifarious tourism development modes.Multifarious tourism development modes have immense differences regarding the degree of importance,exploitation benefit,development tendency,among others.Conversely,the same tourism development mode may have different implementation effects,exploitation benefits,and development tendencies in the development of various karst landscape resource communities or areas.Third,we summarized two main types of development models(i.e.,the characteristic and benefit-driven themeless-separated development and the characteristic and science-driven themed-converged development)and considered them to be the result of the karst tourism in special phases of development.The characteristic and benefit-driven themeless-separated development has played an important role in the development and prosperity of karst tourism.The characteristic and science-driven themed-converged development is a new development model comprising the resource community,scientific research,development,protection,management,and feedback,and would be the main trend of karst tourism development under the new situations.Finally,we explored the basic flow of the themed-converged development by using the system dynamics method.For this system dynamics method,resource community and its characteristics are its intrinsic motivation,scientific research is its outside motivation,protection,management,research(the anaphase),feedback,and so on are its operation systems which are derived from the motivation with theme as the soul.