政府嵌入、社区整合与西藏牧民的集体化发展:基于“制度-生活”分析

An Analysis of Government Embedding,Community Integration and Tibetan Herdsmen’s Collective Development Based on“System-Life”

西藏牧民的集体化发展成效取决于相互联系的两个阶段:公共资源如何传递到牧区村庄,又如何转化成牧民的内生发展能力。基于“制度-生活”分析框架,从“制度”与“生活”关系互动的视角出发,对西藏阿里G县牧民的集体化发展现象进行考察。研究发现:牧民的集体化发展,本质上是地方政府和牧民社会“互动共治”的结果。地方政府强力嵌入牧民社会,通过选派驻村干部、提供政策项目等方式,在尊重牧区生计模式的基础上,推动牧民社会在集体制度框架内发生有序变迁。村集体承接政府公共资源,主要采取情感联结、利益联结等柔性整合手段,将牧民集体化发展从“制度”形态引导到规范的“实体”形态,有效实现了村庄公共性的再生产。在上述集体化发展过程中,制度与生活的持续互动,使牧民的内生发展能力不断增强。牧民看到解决自身生存危机的可能,利益一致性唤起了对于集体的信任感和归属感,由此促成牧民集体化发展的良性循环。

The results of herdsmen’s collective development in Tibet derive from two interrelated stages:the transfer of public resources to pastoral villages,and the transformation of public resources into herdsmen’s endogenous development ability.Based on the analysis framework of“system-life”,this paper investigates the phenomenon of herdsmen’s collective development in Ali district G county.It is found that the herdsmen’s collective development is essentially the result of“interactive co-governance”between local government and herdsmen’s society.The local government strongly embeds itself into herdsmen’s society through the selection of village cadres and provision of policy projects,and promotes the orderly changes of herdsmen’s society within the collective framework on the basis of respect for the livelihood mode of the pastoral areas.The village collective takes over the government public resources,and adopts the flexible integration means such as bonding through friendliness and connection through interests.It guides the herdsmen’s collective development from the“system”form to the standardized“entity”form,and effectively realizes the village public reproduction.In the process of herdsmen’s collective development,the continuous interaction between system and life enhances the herdsmen’s endogenous development capability.The herdsmen see the possibility of solving their own survival crisis,and the shared interests arouse the sense of trust and belonging to the collective,thus contributing to the virtuous cycle of the herdsmen’s collective development.