云南外来入侵植物现状和防控策略

Current Status and Control Strategies of Alien Invasive Plants in Yunnan Province

随着人口增加、全球化进程加快,生物入侵已成为世界性的生态安全问题。云南地处中国西南,拥有多样的生态环境,但由于作为边境省份,对外交流频繁,是中国生物入侵的脆弱区,致使其生物多样性和自然环境受到严重威胁。本文以云南维管束植物为评估对象,通过收集、整理、分析和研究云南外来入侵植物的相关资料和数据,并对重点区域和重要外来入侵植物开展野外调查,构建外来入侵植物数据库,以评估外来入侵植物的危害等级和程度。结果显示:云南计有外来入侵植物321种4变种,隶属59科190属;Ⅰ级恶性入侵类有31种,Ⅱ级严重入侵类有42种,Ⅲ级局部入侵类有48种2变种,IV级一般入侵类有57种,V级有待观察类有143种和2变种;入侵植物以原产热带美洲的最为多样,占全部入侵种类的50%以上;入侵途径可分为自然扩散、无意引入和有意引入3种类型。为有效控制外来植物的入侵,除加强外来入侵植物的监测和预警外,可采用物理、化学、生物或综合性方法,对现有外来入侵植物进行根除和防治。

With the increase of population and acceleration of globalization,biological invasion has been a serious problem of ecological security around the world.Yunnan is located in southeast China,has a diverse ecological environment.But as a frontier province in China,Yunnan has frequent foreign trade,which enable Yunnan become a vulnerable area for biological invasion.The biodiversity and natural environment is seriously threatened in Yunnan.In this paper,we collected and analyzed the relevant data of alien invasive plants in Yunnan,and carried out field investigation of key invasive areas and important invasive species,establishing a database of alien invasive plants,evaluating harmful levels of alien invasive plants.The results indicate that there are 321 species and 4 varieties of alien invasive plants in Yunnan,belonging to 59 families and 190 genera.In which,31 species were classified as malignant invasion(grade Ⅰ),42 species were classified as serious invasion(grade Ⅱ),48 species and 2 varieties were classified as local invasion(grade Ⅲ),and 57 species were classified as general invasion(grade IV).Tropical America is the main origins of alien invasive plants,which account for 50%of the total alien invasive plants in Yunnan.There are three ways of invasion for alien invasive plants in Yunnan.One is by natural diffusion,the other is by inadvertently introduction,the last one is by intentional introduction.Except continuous monitoring and early-warning,manual,chemical,biological and integrative methods can be used to eradicate and control alien invasive species effectively.