从董仲舒与何休的诠释看《公羊传》的恕道

“Forgiveness” in Gongyang’s Commentary on The Spring and Autumn Annals: A Perspective of Dong Zhongshu’s and He Xiu’s Interpretations

董仲舒与何休对《公羊传》恕道的阐发,是先秦儒家"恕"观念的进一步发展。《公羊传》及董仲舒与何休的诠释,力图彰显"恕"道是如何在具体的伦理与政治情境中显现出来,以及在具体情境下如何考虑"恕"与其他原则之间的张力。"恕"道对于《公羊传》及董、何的解读而言,从来就不是一个抽象的道德原则,而是具体体现为对别人恶行与过失的宽宥,但这既不是对善恶之间含糊其词,也不是否定公认的善恶评判标准。反之,"恕"是在承认评判标准的基础上,"躬自厚"与"薄责于人"的结合,是"缘人情,赦小过",即出于在特定情境下人与人之间的将心比心,以体现儒家一贯地对他人的理解和体谅。

Dong Zhongshu’s and He Xiu’s interpretations of "forgiveness" in Gongyang’s Commentary on The Spring and Autumn Annals are a further development of pre-Qin Confucian concept of "forgiveness". They try to show how forgiveness is reflected in specific ethical and political situations, and how to consider the tension between forgiveness and other principles in specific situations. To them, "forgiveness" is never an abstract moral principle, but a forgiveness of specific evil and fault. However, it neither slurs over good and evil, nor negates the generally accepted criteria for judging good and evil. On the contrary, it is based on the recognition of the criteria of judgment;it is the combination of "being more strict with oneself’ with "being less overcritical of others", and the act of "forgiving minor faults out of human feelings", that is, it is to feel for others in a specific situation to reflect Confucian understanding and consideration of others.