地缘战略交汇区类属的国别地缘环境解析——以乌克兰为例

Analysis on the national geo-setting of geo-strategic intersection area:Take Ukraine as an example

地缘环境是"一带一路"倡议背景下加强世界地理研究的现实需求及国内地缘政治学复兴的创新转型。当前地缘环境研究聚焦在普遍属性分析的规范化指导层面,空间异质性的客观存在要求对其进行分类讨论和解析。论文基于地缘战略实践的空间视角,尝试划分出单一战略型、战略交汇型及永久中立国型3种类属的国别地缘环境,构建了以国家危机事件为问题导向的战略交汇型国别地缘环境解析思路和分析框架,并以乌克兰为例进行实证研究,结果表明:(1)无论是自然地理还是社会经济文化,乌克兰都呈现出显著的地域分异,为外部势力的介入提供了可能性和可操作性。(2)因果关联作用下,共同的斯拉夫历史渊源导致乌克兰在社会文化领域对俄罗斯的依赖程度较高。主观建构作用下,出于对乌克兰特殊的战略位置及优越资源条件的觊觎,俄罗斯和欧美都在积极建构与乌克兰的地缘关系,但这种基于国别利益而主观建构的关系波动较为剧烈。同时,双边互构的地缘关系维系时间明显长于单边建构的。(3)俄罗斯、欧美和乌克兰之间不仅形成了空间和物质上的显性结构,还有隐性的主观理念结构以及历史演变的过程结构。显著分异的地理环境、高度依赖的地缘关系及主体间的地缘结构综合作用下的乌克兰,国家危机事件频繁出现。在中国国家崛起的关键时期,深化对地缘战略交汇区国别地缘环境的研究对处理周边地缘危机事件具有一定的参考价值。

The research of geo-setting is the realistic demand of strengthening the study of world geography and the innovative transformation of the revival of domestic geopolitics under the Belt and Road Initiative.The current research on geo-setting focuses on the level of standardized guidelines for the analysis of universal attributes,but the objective existence of spatial heterogeneity requires the classification discussion and analysis of geo-setting.Based on the spatial perspective of geo-strategic practice,this paper identifies three types of national geosetting:single strategy,strategic intersection,and permanent neutrality,and constructs an analytical framework of strategic intersection type of national geo-setting oriented by national crisis events.This paper takes Ukraine as an example to carry out empirical research.The results show that:(1)Ukraine presents significant regional differences in both physical geography,social,economy,and culture,which provides the possibility and operability for the intervention of external forces.(2)Under the influence of causality,the common Slavic historical origin leads to the high degree of dependence of Ukraine on Russia in the social and cultural field.Under the influence of subjective construction,Russia,Europe,and the United States are actively constructing the geographical relationship with Ukraine for its unqiue strategic position and superior resource conditions.However,the subjectively constructed relations based on national interests fluctuate violently.At the same time,the maintenance time of bilateral mutual construction is longer than that of unilateral construction.(3)Russia,Europe,the United States,and Ukraine have formed not only spatial and material dominant structure,but also implicit subjective structure,and historical evolution process structure among them.Under the comprehensive action of the significantly different geographical environments,highly dependent geopolitical relationships,and inter-subject geopolitical structures,Ukraine has witnessed frequent crisis events within the country.The significance of this study lies in the fact that,for China,in the critical period of the rise,deepening the research on the national geo-setting in the geostrategic intersection area has a certain reference value to deal with the geo-crisis events in the surrounding areas.