清朝对国初礼俗的隐匿与文饰——以会典为中心

The Concealment and Decoration of the Etiquettes and Customs in the early Qing Dynasty:Focus on the Hui Dian

清朝统治者一方面极为重视保存满洲礼俗,视其为维持统治的关键要素;另一方面限于自身的文化劣势和政治统治的需要,在入关后全面继承明朝礼制,继而以历代“礼统”的继承者自居。这两种矛盾的政治心态统合到礼政上来,就是实现满汉礼制在汉礼框架下的整合。因此,清朝在纂修会典等典籍时,并没有如实记载曾经以及现行的满洲礼俗,而是秉持汉礼的标准,对国初的满洲礼俗进行隐匿与文饰,以重塑帝国初始的礼制形象,消弭华夷差异,最终为政治统治服务。

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty paid attenition to the preservation of manchurian customs and regarded them as the key factor to maintain their rule.At the same time,they inherited the etiquette system of the Ming Dynasty after entering Shanhaiguan,and then regarded themselves as the successor of the“etiquette system”in the past Dynasties.These two kinds of contradictory political mentality expressed in the ritual politics was to realize the integration of Manchu and Han ritual system under the framework of Han ritual.Therefore,when compiling books such as Hui Dian,the Qing Dynasty did not truthfully recorded once and current custom of Manchuria,but adhered to the standard of Han rites,concealed and decorated the Manchu etiquettes and customs of the early Qing Dynasty,in order to reshape the image of the initial imperial,eliminate the differences between Chinese tribes,then build the supreme imperial power at the beginning of the power of the image,eventually serve the political rule.