2000-2018年红碱淖湿地水面积变化及其保护对策

Water Area Change of Hongjiannao Wetland from 2000 to 2018 and Related Policies

红碱淖是我国最大沙漠内陆淡水湖,在自然因素和人类活动共同影响下,近年来水生态功能退化、环境恶化,功能与健康受到威胁。基于遥感影像,本文分析了红碱淖近20年空间形态的演变过程,并对其主要影响因素进行了分析。结果显示,2000—2018年红碱淖水体面积先呈下降趋势,中后期下降速率变缓,2015年之后上升,即研究期红碱淖湿地水面积经历了快速萎缩—缓慢萎缩—逐渐增长三个阶段;降水减少和温度升高是红碱淖面积萎缩的主要自然原因,农业灌溉、水利工程建设、煤矿开采和周边植被建设等是湿地水体面积萎缩的人为原因。实施专项保护工程、政策性激励措施、上游水库生态调度等可有效抑制红碱淖湿地萎缩和生态退化,有利于湿地水体面积和生态恢复。今后应从湿地保护机制、跨区域合作、生态监测体系、资金和法律保障、加强全民宣传教育等方面促进和保障红碱淖湿地保护与修复。

Hongjiannao is the largest fresh lake located at inland desert of China.Due to the influence of human activities and natural factors,water body has been declined in terms of ecological functions and surrounding environment.Based on remote sensing technology,the paper analyzed the spatial change of Hongjiannao in the last 20 years and discussed the related influential factors.The result showed that its water area has been in a dwindling trend at early period and then in a slow space of dwindling.After 2015,the water area began to increase.Reduction and rise of temperature are the main natural factors causing the water area shrinkage.Agricultural irrigation,water conservancy project,coal mining and plantation establishment are major factors from human intervention.So designated project of protection,policy incentives as well as water diversion from upper reach reservoirs have been proved to be favorable to the restoration of water area of Hongjiannao wetland.More efforts shall be made for the improvement of restoration of Hongjiannao wetland such as protection mechanism,inter-regional cooperation,ecosystem monitoring and legal system,and public propaganda.