从“大胆妈妈”到“她她波普”——德语剧场中的女性导演

From “Mother Courage” to “She She Pop”——Female Directors in German-speaking Theatre

本文追踪了德语区女性导演与剧场创新之间的关系,探寻女性的剧场创作为既有的性别观念和剧场组织形式带来的改变。它指出,"女性导演"的说法暗示了性别的差异,这个差异应当被放置在社会谱系中加以考察,因为一种特定的女性创作并不归功于天生的女性特质或经验。基于这样的认识前提,文章对德语剧场女性走向导演的过程进行梳理。它以女性在公共领域发出的针对"男性指导,女性被安排"之定式的挑衅为其中一个点燃的时刻,之后经历了女性作为"母亲"承担起照管工作的起步时期,与社会的反权威运动合流的突破期,以及抗争被分散到象征符号中的后结构主义时期。由于导演指向一个统摄全局的主体位置,今天处于多项议题十字路口的女性创作有必要将"导演"本身包含的陌异性暴露出来,并且在此基础上展开集体性的、又不排除矛盾和拒绝的实践。

This article traces the relationship between female directors and theatre innovation in German-speaking areas, and explores the changes that female theatre creation has brought to the existing gender concept and theatre organization. It argues that the expression "female directors" implies gender differences which should be examined in the social spectrum, since a particular kind of female creation is not attributed to innate female qualities or experience. Based on this assumption, this article combs the process of females’ heading for directors in German-speaking theatre. It is lighted with women’s provocation against the stereotype "men guide, and women are arranged" in public areas, then during the initial period it goes through women as "mother" undertaking the role of caring, and at the breaking moment it echoes with anti-authority social movement, and during the post-structuralist period it struggles against being dispersed into symbols. Since directors tend to be in the dominating position at the centre, the productions of female directors nowadays at the crossroads of many issues are necessary to expose the alienated senses of "directors", and on this basis, to carry out collective practices without excluding contradictions and rejections.