早期《诗》学视野下的天命惟德观念

On the Thought that Mandate of Heaven Depends on Morality in the Early Poetics

在《诗经》中,天命突出表现为主宰之天以命令的形式赐予有德者以至高的权力和福禄。摄于天命的权威并出于对权力、福禄的祈盼,周王遵循天命的道德要求,通过自身的德行修养来顺承、保有天命。在早期《诗》学的视域中,天命惟德始终是一个重要的思想观念。同时,这一观念也随着时代思想的发展不断进行着调整。天命施予的对象从天子扩展为普通的道德行为的主体。天帝作为天命授予者的权威也会在某些语境下让渡给必然性的法则。此外,为了维系德行与受命之间的关联,成鱄将由心所制的德行作为受命的必要条件,儒家《诗论》则将时命的观念引入天命授受的关系中。

In The Book of Songs,the Mandate of Heaven manifes-ted itself as giving power and happiness to the virtuous person by an order form.The kings of Zhou Dynasty complied with the moral re-quirements of Heaven in order to pursue the power and happiness given by Heaven.It was always an important thought that the mandate of Heaven depended on morality in the early Poetics.That thought also constantly changed with the development of the ages.The range of the person to whom Heaven gave power and happiness was extended from the king of Zhou Dynasty into the ordinary moral agent.Heaven passed authority to the law of necessity.F urthermore,ChengZhuan as a senior official in the Spring and Autumn Period set the morality controlled by the heart as the necessary condition for acquiring the power and happi-ness given by Heaven.The Confucian drew the concept of destiny into giving and receiving the power and happiness in the Chu bamboo On Poetry.