烟台地区全新世时期聚落遗址时空演变特征及其影响机制

The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Holocene Site and Their Influencing Factors in Yantai Area

本研究基于ArcGIS平台对烟台地区全新世聚落遗址的地貌因素(包括高程、坡度、坡向以及濒河度等指标)进行研究,得到聚落遗址的时空分布特征,结合全新世气候演变规律,探讨烟台地区全新世聚落遗址时空分布与环境变化之间的关系。结果表明,(1)烟台地区全新世文化序列为北辛文化—大汶口文化—龙山文化—岳石文化,发展阶段为萌芽—发展—巅峰—衰落,遗址数量变化大致呈倒“V”型;(2)不同时期聚落遗址在高程、坡度、坡向、濒河度等方面表现出一定共性:烟台全新世聚落遗址多分布在高程60 m以下的沿海平原和冲积台地,坡度多在6°以下平缓地区,聚落选址多在受光条件更好的阳坡,同时分布在河流3 km范围内;(3)全新世不同时期文化的兴衰受控于气候变化的影响:7.4~6.3 ka B.P.,伴随着全新世大暖期的到来,北辛文化作为烟台地区文明萌芽在优越的气候条件下发展起来;在6.3~4.6 ka B.P.,温暖湿润的气候环境使得大汶口文化较北辛文化有了长足发展;4.6~4.0 ka B.P.,气温回升,海水回落,稳定的气候及环境造就了烟台地区新石器时期文化发展巅峰—龙山文化,4.0 ka B.P.以后,龙山文化逐渐被岳石文化取代,聚落遗址数量和规模均有所下降,但受益于海平面降低提供的广阔生存空间,相比较于山东内陆其他地区,烟台地区岳石文化数量和规模衰退程度较低。

In this study,the geomorphological factors(including elevation,slope gradient,slope aspect and riverside degree)of the Holocene settlement sites in Yantai were studied using the ArcGIS platform.Then,based on the obtained spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of the settlement sites and the Holocene climate evolution law,the relationship between the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of the Holocene settlement sites in Yantai and the environmental changes was explored.The results suggest,(1)the Holocene cultural sequence of Yantai is Beixin culture-Dawenkou culture-Longshan culture-Yueshi culture.The development stages are"emerging""booming""heyday"and"decline".And the change of site quantity shows an inverted"V"shape;(2)The settlement sites show similarities in elevation,slope gradient,slope aspect,riverside degree and so on in different periods:Yantai's Holocene settlement sites are mostly distributed in coastal plains or alluvial terraces below 60 m,and mostly have a slope of below 6°.The sites are universally located on sunny slopes with favourable light conditions and within 3 km from rivers;(3)The rise and fall of cultures in different stages of the Holocene epoch were affected by climate change:during 7.4~6.3 ka B.P.,with the arrival of Holocene Megathermal,Beixin culture,as the beginning of Yantai civilization,emerged and prospered under superior climate conditions;during 6.3~4.6 ka B.P.,warm and humid climate made Dawenkou culture develop better than Beixin culture;during 4.6~4.0 ka B.P.,the temperature rose and the sea level dropped.Stable climate and environment nurtured Longshan culture,the peak of Yantai's Neolithic culture;after 4.0 ka B.P.,Longshan culture was gradually replaced by Yueshi culture.The number and scale of settlement sites decreased somewhat.Nevertheless,thanks to the vast living space as a result of a sea level drop,Yantai's Yueshi culture declined at a lower degree in terms of quantity and scale than other inland areas of Shandong.