欧洲住宅合作社的历史流变与当今实践

The Historical Development and Current Practices of European Housing Cooperative

欧洲有悠久的住宅合作社传统。合作社源起于19世纪中期的无政府主义传统。它们不只是提供另类的住宅形式,同时也是政治、经济、社会体系的实验。无政府主义的合作社实践不但催生了现代规划学科,同时也促成了1920年代的福利社会的住宅资助政策体系的成形。从19世纪末开始,住宅合作社的空间实践大致经历了"前期酝酿""第一次高峰期""被纳入国家治理体系""复兴与创新发展"四个时期。近年来欧洲住宅合作社正处于"复兴与创新发展"期,其空间实践既继承早期实践的"家务劳动社会化"和"保证私密性的集体交往"特点,也在"融入城市""社会多样性"以及"参与式设计"三个方面出现明显的创新。

There is a long history of housing cooperative in European Countries, which originated from the anarchist tradition in the middle of the 19 th century. The cooperative practices produce not only alternative dwelling forms, but also act as an alternative experiment of economic, political, and social system. They gave birth to the modern discipline of planning, and stimulated the European welfare system. There are four periods of the practices of European housing cooperatives, namely "incubation" "the first peak" "institutionalization" and "renaissance and innovation". Recently, these practices resurge again. Similar to the early ones, the current practices seek to facilitate socialization of household work and collective communication. Yet, they also distinguish themselves greatly from the early ones in three aspects, which are "integration into the city" "social diversity" and "participatory design".