王世贞的“文人”身份认同及其意义

The Literati Identification of Wang Shizhen and Its Significance

王世贞对文人"污名"的反应极为强烈。从初入仕时对"文人无用"的批驳,到后来哀叹文人命运,望同道为文人吐气,这些表达反映出王世贞心态的渐变。面对"文人无行"说,他强调文才,以其为文人身份的内在标准。这不同于唐顺之的文人观,也与重情说异辙。王世贞的文人身份认同和群体意识是由嘉靖至万历时期政治环境下,文学、理学、心学等因素交叠、冲突促发而成,体现出道德、政事、文章合一的人格范型打破之后的话语对抗,成为明代"重文"思想脉络中的重要节点,揭示了文人走向地方和下层的必然性。

Wang Shizhen(1526-1590)had a strong reaction to the stigmatic identification of literati.Wang’s stance towards literati transformed gradually from a critique on“literati being impractical”to the lament for literati’s fate as well as an appeal to sympathy for literati among his peers.Faced with the claim that literati were not virtuous,he emphasized that literary talent should be the inherent measurement in identifying literati.This idea was distinctive from the view of Tang Shunzhi(1507-1560),and the theory of emotion.Wang Shizhen’s literati identification and consciousness of community were driven by the intertwining but also conflicting constellations of literature,Neo-Confucianism and philosophy of mind in the political contexts from Jiajing(1522-1566)to Wanli(1573-1620).Wang’s views were representative of the discursive confrontation after the personality model which integrated morality,politics and articles was broken.His views also became an important node in the intellectual development of“emphasis on literariness”in Ming Dynasty;and revealed the inevitability of the literati going to the local and into the lower classes.