美国与联合国初期的人权政治

U.S.and the Politics of Human Rights in the Early United Nations

1945年《联合国宪章》将人权议题纳入联合国议程后,它很快成为各国共同参与的问题,这在联合国成立初期体现在三个方面:一是创立联合国人权委员会,二是拟定国际人权文件,三是实施联大人权外交。基于实质性的政治利益,美国在这些问题上与联合国各国代表之间出现了决策上的斗争与妥协。一方面,在冷战兴起的背景下,美苏两国在人权标准、联大人权外交等问题上出现激烈冲突;另一方面,美苏两国都支持限制联合国人权委员会的职能,都反对拟定有约束力的国际人权文件,不少对人权议题的态度更为积极的国家对联合国人权机制的构想则受到了压制。美国政策的核心在于通过人权政治提升其国际影响力,同时避免联合国对其国内管辖权的干涉。这对美国后来的联合国人权政策及联合国人权议题本身,都产生了深远的影响。

When human rights became part of the UN Charter in 1945,it turned into an issue for all countries to participate under the UN framework.It included three aspects in the early United Nations:first,the establishment of the Commission on Human Rights;second,the formulation of human rights documents;and third,human rights diplomacy in the General Assembly.The Cold War ideology could not fully explain the human-rights decisionmaking of the United States,and more fundamentally,the United Nations human-rights agenda presented opportunities and challenges for the United States.The core of American policy was to enhance the moral status of the United States through human-rights politics while avoiding interference in its domestic jurisdiction,which had a profound impact on the American human-rights policy in the United Nations and human-rights issues in the United Nations.