数字化对企业人工成本的影响

The Effects of Digitalization on Labor Cost of Enterprises

数字经济蓬勃发展,企业数字化进程不断加快。数字化可能改变传统的生产关系,影响企业的资本劳动比。文章利用2013~2019年分行业的企业数字化指标和与之匹配的人工成本指标,从"增长"和"分配"双重视角考察数字化对企业人工成本及其份额的影响。结果显示:(1)企业数字化进程降低了人工成本总规模及其所占份额,但显著提升了平均人工成本。(2)对于劳动密集型企业、私有制企业和城镇地区企业,数字化水平对企业人工成本的影响程度相对更大。分维度看,要素数字化和经营数字化对企业人工成本的影响存在一定差异。机制分析表明,生产率效应及互补机制、技术替代性和技能偏向性是数字化影响人工成本的内在机制,其中技术替代性机制起主导作用。

With the rapid development of digital economy, the process of enterprise digitization is accelerating. Digitalization may change the traditional production relations and affect the capital-labor ratio of enterprises. From the dual perspectives of"growth"and"distribution", this paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of enterprise digitalization level from 2013 to 2019, and investigates the impact of digitalization on enterprise labor cost and its share. The results show that the digitalization process reduces the total scale and share of labor cost, but significantly increases the average level of labor cost;for labor-intensive enterprises, private enterprises and enterprises in urban areas, the influence of digitization level on labor cost and its share are relatively greater. There are some differences in the influence of enterprise factor digitization and operation digitization index. Mechanism analysis shows that productivity effect and complementary mechanism, technology substitution and skill bias are the internal mechanisms of digitalization affecting labor cost, in which technology substitution mechanism plays a leading role.