礼佛窟·藏经窟·瘗窟——敦煌莫高窟第464窟营建史考论(下)

On the Construction History of Mogao Cave 464, Dunhuang(Part B)——Buddha-Worship Cave·Library Cave·Grave Cave

莫高窟第464窟可以认为是西夏代表洞窟,但其营建史颇为复杂,一直困扰着学术界。作者经对第464窟历史、考古、图像进行全面分析,发现该窟营建前后经历了多次重修:第一次重修确为西夏时期改造北朝多室禅窟为一座完整的礼佛窟,但前室未画壁画,为素壁;西夏晚些时候,对前室进行了二次维修,制造出前室西北角和西南角两个密闭的空间,这两个密闭空间又成为元代中晚期某个时间藏经的地方,使洞窟兼具了礼佛和藏经双重功能。而元代把大量的多民族语言文字的佛经封存在这个洞窟,有可能是作为佛教徒瘗埋的随葬品,从而使得464窟在原有功能基础上兼具了瘗窟的属性。

The disputes remain among the scholars over the construction history of Mogao cave 464 as a typical Tangut cave. As is studied by its history, images and archaeological results, the cave went through modification in structure and function several times before and after it was completed. In details, the first took place in the Western Xia period when what used to be the Northern-dynasty multi-chambered Zen cave got converted into the Buddha-worship cave, the front chamber having no painted murals on the wall. The front chamber got more modified in the later Western Xia period, one enclosed room developed in either corner of the northwest and southwest, which served as the library caves for a while during the middle and late Yuan dynasty. Thus Cave 464 functioned as both the Buddhaworship cave and the library cave. Judging by the large quantity of Buddhist scriptures in multiple languages and movable type in Uyghur script locked inside the cave by the Yuan dynasty as the burial objects, there is the possibility that Cave 464 used to be where the deceased Buddhists were enshrined as the grave cave.