西藏徒步旅游中的情境体验与人际互动:一种通过仪式

Situational Experience and Interpersonal Interaction on Tibet’s Hiking Trails:A Rite of Passage

徒步旅游作为一种新型的户外旅游方式,发展迅速,并越来越受到国人的青睐。但目前关于徒步旅游的理论研究仍然滞后于实践发展,尤其是关于徒步旅游体验中情境体验与人际互动的探讨。文章在对西藏墨脱、冈仁波齐转山、甘丹寺-桑耶寺3条不同徒步路线的徒步者进行深度访谈的基础上,以扎根理论为分析方法,结合仪式理论对徒步旅游体验的仪式内涵进行了系统分析。研究发现,徒步旅游体验相当于一种通过仪式,这种通过仪式发生在逆转阈限中,包含个体通过与人际通过。个体通过表现为徒步者经历原始生存体验、记忆刺点、未知体验、沉浸体验、在场流动性体验和"成瘾"体验后,所获得的个人成长,其高峰体验为个体畅爽体验。人际通过表现为人与人之间在互助氛围、群体激励、逆转人际交往、本性暴露、熟悉/陌生人际变化的交往考验后所实现的人际关系上的积极或消极变化,其高峰体验为群体共睦态体验。经历认知、情感、意志的磨砺与考验的西藏徒步旅游体验,不同于一般的形式符号性通过仪式,是一种实质性的通过仪式。

As a new type of outdoor pursuit,hiking tourism has developed rapidly and is becoming increasingly popular among Chinese.However,current theoretical research about hiking tourism still lags behind practical development—especially regarding the situational experience and interpersonal interaction with such tourism.The present study was based on in-depth interviews with hikers on three trails in Tibet:Medog,Circumambulation of Mount Kailash,and Ganden Monastery to Samye Monastery.We adopted grounded theory as our analytic method;we combined that with ritual theory to analyze systematically the ritual connotations of the hiking tourism experience.We found that the hiking experience was equivalent to a rite of passage:it occurred on the reversal threshold and included both personal and interpersonal passage.Personal passage is the personal growth gained after experiencing a primitive survival experience,memory prick,unknown experience,immersive experience,present mobility experience,and "addictive" experience;its peak experience is the individual flow experience.At the personal level,the individual feels animated:they obtain physical and mental balance and satisfaction by breaking away from the conveniences of modern society and experiencing the reversal threshold of primitive survival,such as through hiking and survival.The impact of emergency situations and extreme weather produces strong memory prick.Unforeseen events,such as getting lost and mudslides,stimulate the body and mind,however,they also broaden the self and constitute an unknown experience.When hiking,which is focused on the feet,the individual throws themselves into the challenge of various physical pains and emotional cleansing,thereby gaining an immersive experience.The above experience types all involve different factors,such as preentry,physical and mental immersion,extreme consumption,completion time,and exit stage of the present mobility experience.Among the various individual in-depth experiences,it becomes easy to achieve a flow" individual peak experience,which promotes the formation of behavioral inertia and gives the hikers a sense akin to addiction.Interpersonal passage is expressed as positive or negative changes in interpersonal relationships following interpersonal tests in an atmosphere of mutual assistance with group incentives,reversal of interpersonal communication,exposure to nature,and familiar or unfamiliar interpersonal changes;its peak experience is the group communitas experience.At the level of interpersonal passage,an atmosphere of mutual assistance and group incentives is often shared among hiking groups;that is different from the daily life environment.The experience reflects the reversal of interpersonal communication with,for example,rank and relationships.It is also on the reversal threshold that individuals expose their natural selves,leading to familiar or unfamiliar interpersonal relationship changes.Hiking groups often share a communitas group peak experience of equality,unity,interconnection,and sharing of honor and disgrace in group communication:those factors indicate a kind of addiction among hikers.In brief,the Tibetan hiking experience is characterized by the honing and testing of cognition,emotion,and will;it differs from general,formal,symbolic rites of passage,but it is a substantive rite of passage.