梁启超专门史观视阈下的中国政治制度史新解--以“宰相制度”和“考试制度”的变迁及其对日本的影响为中心

A New Interpretation of the History of China s Political System from the Perspective of Liang Qichao s Special Historical View:On the Changes of“Prime Minister System”and“Examination System”and Their Influence on Japan

梁启超在名作《中国历史研究法》和《中国历史研究法补编》中提出了“新史学观之专门史观”的建构,指出了“政治专史”创立的必要性和重要性。继承此专门史观的国学大师钱穆、历史学家严耕望和著名学者李进修,研究了从秦汉以来到近代各朝各代的政治制度。以政治制度中的典型代表“宰相制度”和“考试制度”为例,分析其变迁史,由此可知,从理想的“圣君贤相”到现实的“君相矛盾”之“宰相制度”的重要特点,及辩证看待利弊兼备的“考试制度之科举制”。中国政治制度对邻国日本也产生了深远影响,日本的“太政官制”绝大部分承袭了我国唐代的宰相制度,到现在为止,日本仍然存续着类似宰相制度中的“君”和“相”、“皇室”和“政府”之间的复杂的政治因缘关系。日本的“贡举制”也是学习了隋唐时期的科举制,“贡举制”在日本历史上发挥了重要作用。

Liang Qichao put forward“a new historical view-the specialized history”in his famous works“Methodology in the Study of Chinese History”and“Methodology in the Study of Chinese History,A Supplementary Volume”,and pointed out the necessity and importance of establishing“the history of politics”.Qian Mu,a master of Sinology,Yan Gengwang,a historian,and Li Jinxiu,a famous scholar,who inherited this special view of history,studied the political systems of various dynasties from Qin and Han to modern times.This article focuses on the typical examples of the political system,“the prime minister system”and“the examination system”,to analyze the history of their changes in order to reveal how the ideal“sage emperors and virtuous ministers”could degenerate into the reality of“the prime minister system”,where emperors and ministers are against each other,and to study the“imperial examination system”critically.Chinese political system also had a profound impact on Japan,whose“taizhengguan system”inherited mainly from the prime minister system of Tang Dynasty in China.Up till now,Japan still has a complex political relationship similar to that between“monarch”and“prime minister”,“royal family”and“government”.Japan also studied the imperial examination system and established the“tribute examination system”,which played an important role in its history.The study of the history of Chinese political system enlightens us that we should interpret the history of China s political system in an all-round,multi-dimensional and modern way.