老年肌少症与衰弱和营养

Sarcopenia,frailty and nutrition in the elderly

肌肉减少症(简称肌少症)和衰弱综合征(简称衰弱)是老年人群常见的老年综合征。肌少症与活动障碍、跌倒、低骨密度及代谢紊乱密切相关,是老年人生理功能逐渐减退的重要原因和表现之一;而衰弱是导致老年人功能下降和早期死亡的主要因素。衰弱循环假说以及Fried衰弱表型都表示营养问题参与到肌少症和衰弱的发生发展过程中,营养师是管理衰弱的多学科团队不可缺少的一员。对老年人群进行营养管理,包括饮食指导、保持合适的体质量、口腔卫生、推荐地中海饮食,以及对于存在营养不良或营养风险的老人在自由进食的同时应用口服营养补充剂(ONS),可以预防肌少症和衰弱;对于已经出现肌少症和衰弱的老年人,运动联合营养干预亦能给患者带来获益。

Sarcopenia and frailty are common geriatric syndromes in the elderly.Sarcopenia is closely related to disability,falls,low bone mineral density and metabolic disorders.Sarcopenia is one of the important manifestations and causes of the gradual decline of physiological function in the elderly.Frailty is the main factor leading to the decline of functions and death in the elderly.The frailty cycle hypothesis and the Fried′s Frailty Phenotype indicate that nutritional problems are involved in the occurrence and development of sarcopenia and frailty.Nutritionists are an indispensable member of the multidisciplinary team who manages frailty.Nutrition management for the elderly,including diet guidance,maintaining proper weight,oral hygiene,recommending Mediterranean diet,and taking nutritional supplements(ONS)can prevent sarcopenia and weakness.Exercise combined with nutritional intervention can also bring benefits to the elderly with sarcopenia and frailty.