占领初期日本“文化国家”构想中的国权与民权论争

The Origin of Japan’s National Reconstruction in the Post-war Era: Struggles between State Power and Civil Rights in Building the Concept of Culture State in the Early Period of Occupation

二战后,日本在占领初期自主提出的"文化国家"构想,是日本最早的国家重建理想形态。围绕"文化国家"是什么以及应当如何实践,在日本政界及思想界形成了保守派与进步派之间的对立。这种对立背后反映的是两条完全不同的国家重建道路,即以延续近代"国体"为目标的国权立国论与以民众思想启蒙为理想的民权立国论。占领初期日本民主化改革不彻底所造成的"帝国民主主义"现象,正是国权与民权在战后重建中矛盾并存的体现。而与民主化改革背道而驰的国权理念最终主导战后日本重建的现象表明,战后日本国家重建并非由占领当局主导,而是从"文化国家"这一原点出发的日本自我能动性选择及适应的结果。其背后折射出的是日本民众民主化思想启蒙缺失导致国家前途命运由极少数政治、文化精英操控传统的延续。

The concept of culture state in the early period of occupation was the earliest form of ideology relating to the national reconstruction independently proposed by Japan before the start of occupation reform.However,behind the seemingly highly consistent culture state concept lies the divergence between conservatives and progressives in the political circle as well as the intellectual circle around what a cultural state is and in what way it should be practiced.That divergence reflects two completely different ways of national reconstruction,namely the supremacy of state power which aims at the continuation of modern"Kokutai"and the supremacy of civil rights which is based on the enlightenment of the people.The phenomenon of"imperial democracy",which resulted from the incomplete democracy,demonstrates the contradictory co-existence of state power and civil rights in post-war Japan’s reconstruction.The phenomenon that the idea of state power,which runs counter to the democratic transformation of occupation and became the mainstream of Japan’s post-war reconstruction,shows that Japan’s post-war reconstruction,which was not dominated by the occupation reform,was the result of Japan’s self-determined choice and adaptation.It reflects the lack of enlightenment of the Japanese people,which leads to the continuation of the tradition that the country’s future are controlled by a minor group of political and cultural elites.