防弹装甲用碳化硼陶瓷材料的研究进展

Progress on Boron Carbide Ceramic Materials for Ballistic Armor

碳化硼陶瓷具有较低的密度、仅次于氮化硼和金刚石的硬度以及优异的耐腐蚀性能,满足防弹材料要求的高强度、高耐磨、高硬度、低密度,简称为“三高一低”,当前已经应用于高端装备的防护系统中。然而,碳化硼陶瓷为强共价化合物,且具有低的扩散系数,导致其在制备过程中的主要问题是烧结致密化问题和脆性问题。因此,许多的研究工作集中在碳化硼陶瓷的烧结技术、烧结助剂以及对碳化硼陶瓷进行增韧。本文聚焦防弹装甲用碳化硼陶瓷,首先从碳化硼的晶形结构和相图,综述了碳化硼陶瓷粉体的制备技术以及碳化硼陶瓷的烧结工艺,阐述了改善碳化硼断裂韧性较低的方法,最后分析了碳化硼陶瓷防弹材料的研究现状,并且展望陶瓷防弹装甲的未来研究方向。

Boron carbide ceramics has been widely used in high-end equipment protection system on account of its high-hardness,low density,excellent wear-resistance,referred to as three high and one low.However,boron carbide ceramics are strong covalent compounds,and has a low diffusion coefficient,leading to the problems of densification and brittleness.Therefore,researches have made huge efforts on the sintering techniques,sintering additives,and toughening of boron carbide ceramic.Based on the application of the ceramic,crystal structure and phase diagram is analyzed,preparations of the boron carbide ceramic powder are summarized,methods of improving the fracture toughness are elaborated,and present/future research status of boron carbide ceramic in ballistic materials are prospected.