古汉语“乎”字的用法研究--兼释《论语》“攻乎异端斯害也已”

The study of the meaning of“Hu”(乎)in ancient Chinese classics

通过分析先秦经典的相关语料,“乎”字与“于”字的用法区别在于:“乎”字的本义有选择和强调意味,从而可以引申用作比较,用作语气词。“乎”会转移句子的强调部分,由通常的强调谓语转成了强调“乎”的宾语,而“于”字则没有强调义,处于辅助地位,也不能真正用于比较和用作语气词。在此基础上论证了“攻乎异端”指攻击异端而不指攻读异端;“出乎性”强调“在于性”,而不是超出了性;“出乎众”强调“在于群众”,而不是超出群众;“不易乎世”指不轻视世俗;“德荡乎名”指德行因为名声而受损。

By the analyzing of the typical sentences where“乎”appears in ancient Chinese classics,according to the context,these conclusion can be reached.First,the original usage of“乎”is emphasizing,second,contrary,interjection,interrogative,these extended usages can be derived from the original meaning.According to the conclusion of this analysis,many misinterpretations about ancient Chinese classics have to be corrected.