常州词派的词学“寄托”说--以张惠言、周济为中心

The"Sustenance"Theory of Changzhou School of Ci in Ci Studies:Focusing on Zhang Huiyan and Zhou Ji

作为常州词派的开创者,张惠言继承了《诗经》和《离骚》中的"比兴"手法与"香草美人"的批评手法而于词学中开拓出"寄托"理论。在《词选》中,张惠言将温庭筠作为以"寄托"作词的旗帜来揄扬,将"词"这种文体的意蕴大大向前推进了一步。从《词选》中可以看出,张惠言的"寄托"理论具有穿凿附会的比附以及将词体美感限于单一意义的缺陷。为了弥补这种缺陷,常州词派的周济以"寄托有无"和"寄托出入"的论题加以发展,使"寄托"说与王国维的"境界"说并驾齐驱,成为传统词学的两大说词方法之一。从现代诗学的视域考察",寄托"说的要义在于通过重建诗歌与历史的关系,以政治性和道德性的文学批评来阐发作品的思想意义。

As the founder of the Changzhou School of Ci,Zhang Huiyan inherited the"Bixing"technique and the"Vanilla Beauty"critical techniques in Shijing and Li Sao,and developed the"sustenance"theory of Ci review.In the book Selected Ci,Zhang Huiyan makes comments on Wen Tingyun′s Ci as the banner of"sustenance",which greatly promoted the stylistic meaning of"Ci".It can be seen from the Selected Ci that Zhang Huiyan′s"sustenance"theory has the defects of give strained interpretations and draw farfetched analogies on Ci and limiting the beauty of the Ci style to a single meaning.In order to make up for this defect,Zhou Ji from the Changzhou School of Ci developed the theme of"sustenance"from"explicit/implicit sustenance"to"inward/outward sustenance",which is paralleled with Wang Guowei′s theory of"realm"and has become one of the two traditional Ci review methods.From the perspective of modern poetics,the essence of the"sustenance"theory lies in illustrating the ideological significance of literary works by reconstructing the relationship between poetry and history and using political and moral literary criticism.