从“异化劳动”到“交往异化”的嬗变--基于马克思异化理论的阐释

From the Alienation of Labor to the Alienation of Communication:An Analysis Based on Marx’s Alienation Theory

马克思对市民社会的批判,是在对资本主义物质生产过程中劳动者的自我异化批判基础上形成的。人的本质异化以及由此而产生的法权化了的世界,正是由异化劳动所引起的社会关系的总体异化。它表现为工人同自己的劳动产品的关系就是同一个异己的对象关系;同时,又表现为那些体现着所谓“正义”的《林木法》《谷物法》《工厂法》等法律条文,都不过是工业资产阶级、贵族和不法商人为了攫取一切可能利益的庇护伞。于是,在生产活动过程中出现的劳动异化,决定了在市民社会的日常交往活动中出现的交往异化,而这一切又都是由商品和货币这些异化存在物决定的。因而,从“异化劳动”到“交往异化”的转变,实际上,正是马克思从带有费尔巴哈唯心主义历史观向历史唯物主义的转变。

Marx’s criticism of civil society is actually based on the criticism of the self-alienation of the laborers in the process of capitalist material production.The alienation of people and the resulting power and rights of the world,are the total alienation of social relations caused by labor alienation.It is manifested in following ways:the relationship between workers and their own labor products is the same object relationship with dissidents;at the same time,those legal provisions such as the“Forest Law”,the“Grain Law”,and the“Factory Law”that reflect the so-called“justice”,are nothing but the shelter for the industrial bourgeoisie,nobles,and lawless businessmen to seize all possible benefits.Therefore,the labor alienation that occurs in the process of production activities determines the communication alienation that occurs in the daily social activities of civil society,and all of these are determined by the alienated existence of commodities and currency.Thus,the transformation from“alienation of labor”to“communication alienation”is actually Marx’s transformation from Feuerbach’s idealistic view of history to historical materialism.