清代中国医者渡日成因与影响考辨

The Causes and Influences of Chinese Physicians'Migration to Japan in Qing Dynasty

清代以来日本从中国进口医学书籍和药材量持续增多,但由于缺乏具有临床经验的医师指导,解读新出医书和识别新药等方面困境重重。为提升本国医疗水平、应对江户时代以来频繁出现的灾情,幕府出台了从中国引进医学人才的方案。中国渡日医师人数有限,赴日后由于两国医学传统和用药理念差异,合作面临诸多困难。但经过双方不断磨合与交流,日本汉方医学理论和实践水平都有极大提高。以往返于两国之间的商人为纽带,两国医师也开辟了远程交流与请教的新渠道。这种互动模式,为后来东亚各国医疗合作体系建设和医学理念革新起到了示范作用。

Since Qing Dynasty,there had been a steady stream of Chinese medical books and herbal medicines imported to Japan.Due to the lack of expert support by physicians with clinical experience,it was difficult to interpret new medical books and identify new drugs.In order to improve medical care and respond to frequent disasters in Edo period,the plan of introducing physicians from China was implemented by Tokugawa shogunate.Because of limited number of physicians imported and different medical concepts,there were many difficulties in cooperation.Through mutual learning and practice,Japanese Han medicine's theoretical and practical level rose to a higher level.With merchants as the bond,a whole new channel of remote communication was opened up by Chinese and Japanese physicians.This pattern of interaction provided a demonstration effect for medical cooperation in East Asia.