马克思共产主义学说的独特思维方式--基于《共产党宣言》对各种非科学社会主义的清算

The Unique Thinking Mode of Marx’s Theory of Communism Based on the Critique of Various Non-scientific Socialist Thoughts in The Communist Manifesto

《共产党宣言》作为科学社会主义诞生的标志,只有在同各种非科学社会主义理论的比较中才能领会其实质。反动的社会主义留恋"原始的丰富",将社会理想寄托于先知英雄或者思辨文字,小资产阶级在原有制度框架内进行经济变革,空想社会主义者脱离历史条件的激进观点都不能实现人的真正解放。马克思认为共产主义具有现实性,其产生的历史条件在于资本主义的历史发展,其存在的阶级基础是无产阶级及其政党的共产主义实践。马克思的共产主义学说奠基在唯物史观的基础上,实现了经验实证方法同历史辩证方法的有机统一。同时,只有对历史本身给予本体论定位,从整体上把握历史进程及其规律,作为理想社会的共产主义才得以真正向未来敞开。

The essence of The Communist Manifesto,which is the symbol of the birth of scientific socialism,can be grasped only in the comparison with previous non-scientific socialist theories.The reactionary socialism cherished the"primitive richness"and pinned the social ideal on the prophetic hero or speculative text.The petty bourgeoisie carried out economic reform within the existing institutional framework.The radical view of the utopian socialist and communist cannot realize the real liberation of man for their ignorance of the historical conditions.Marx believed that communism is realistic,its historical condition lies in the historical development of capitalism,and its class basis is the communist practice of the proletariat and Communist Party.Marx’s theory of communism is based on historical materialism,realizing the organic unity of empirical methods and historical dialectics methods.Only by giving ontological positioning to history itself and grasping the process and laws of history as a totality,can communism,as an ideal society,truly face the future.