论马克思的资本现代性概念及其辩证立场

On Marx’s Concept of Capital Modernity and Its Dialectical Stand

马克思虽在其文本中没有直接提出"现代性"一词,但却是较早对现代性进行反思和批判的思想家。对马克思而言,现代性实质上是一种资本现代性。资本是统摄现代社会一切的主体性力量,将人从封建的、宗法的人身依附关系中解放出来,获得了政治自由。同时,也使人落入现代"物化"的牢笼。马克思肯定资本现代性的进步性,认为其能带来社会生产力的变革以及对整个社会面貌的革新。但同时,马克思也深刻批判资本现代性内蕴的物化、奴役、生态危机、人性堕落等问题,并把现代性问题的症结归结于资本。要克服现代社会的问题就要理性对待资本,让其不再变成一种为追求剩余价值而强制人劳动的权力。

Although Marx did not explicitly mention the term"Modernity"in his text,he was an early thinker who reflected and criticized modernity.For Marx,modernity is essentially a kind of capital modernity.Capital is the subjective force that governs everything in modern society,liberating people from the feudal and patriarchal personal attachment relationships and offering political freedom.At the same time,it also makes people fall into the cage of modern"materialization".Marx affirmed the progressiveness of capital modernity,thinking that it could bring about the change of social productivity and the innovation of the whole social appearance.However,Marx deeply criticized materialization,enslavement,ecological crisis and depravity of human nature inherent in capital modernity,and attributed the crux of the problem of modernity to the capital.To overcome the problems of modern society,it is necessary to treat capital rationally,so that it no longer becomes a power to force people to work in pursuit of surplus value.