广州南沙湿地大型底栖动物优势种生态位分析

A Niche Analysis of Dominant Macro-benthic Species in Nansha Wetland in Guangzhou

为了解广州南沙湿地大型底栖动物优势种的种类组成和生态位特征,2019年9月—2020年8月春、夏、秋、冬四季对广州南沙湿地大型底栖动物进行定量采样调查,并利用Shannon-Wiener指数和Pianka的重叠指数对各样地优势种进行生态位分析。结果表明:芦苇滩地、无瓣海桑林地和光滩的大型底栖动物优势种分别有5种、4种、10种;芦苇滩地中大型底栖动物优势种的生态位宽度为0.13~0.91,变化幅度较窄,各优势种的生态位宽度值均小于1;无瓣海桑林地和光滩中的大型底栖动物优势种的生态位宽度分别为0.4~1.3、0.34~1.42,变化幅度均较大。芦苇滩地和无瓣海桑林样地各优势种之间生态位重叠值存在差异,说明它们之间利用环境资源既独立又交叉。红树林湿地给底栖动物提供了不同的生存条件和环境条件,3种样地中无瓣海桑林大型底栖动物优势种的种类数最少,建议尽量使用乡土红树植物取代无瓣海桑。同时,应适当种植一些芦苇,并保留一定的光滩。

In order to understand the species composition and niche characteristics of dominant macro-benthic species in mangrove habitats of Nansha wetland,Guangzhou,we investigated the macro-benthic species in three habitats of Phragmites australis,Sonneratia apetala and Bare Beach,in spring,summer,autumn and winter from September 2019 to August 2020.Shannon-Wiener Index and Pianka Overlap Index were used in the analysis.The dominant species and ecological niche of macro-zoobenthos in the three different habitats in the mangrove were compared and analyzed.The results showed that there were 5,4,10 dominant species in P.australis,S.apetala and Bare beach,respectively,and the species composition was different.The niche width of P.australis habitat ranged from 0.13 to 0.91,narrower than 1.The niche widths of S.apetala and Bare beach habitats were 0.4~1.3 and 0.34~1.42,respectively.In P.australis and S.apetala habitats,the niche overlaps among the dominant species were different,indicating that the utilization of environmental resources among the dominant species was both independent and overlapping.The mangrove wetland provides not only a good habitat for large benthic animals,but also different living conditions and environmental conditions for benthic animals in different habitats.Among the three habitats,the habitat of S.apetala displayed the smallest number of macro-benthic species,it is therefore suggested that local mangrove species be grown as many as possible,together with certain areas of reeds and bare beach.