论环境侵权的“无因果关系”及其认定规则的健全

The“No Causation”of Environmental Tort and the Improvement of Its Identification Rules

“有因果关系”与“无因果关系”为环境侵权“因果关系”的周延性区分,两者虽相互对立,但各有侧重。“有因果关系”侧重于正向证成因果关系的存在,“无因果关系”侧重于反向阻断因果关系的成立,人民法院在司法实践中将推定“有因果关系”作为举证证明“无因果关系”的逻辑起点。“次生污染物”对损害的“无因果关系”情形未涉及、“无因果关系”情形中污染物的到达标准未细化、“无因果关系”情形中损害发生地的范围未明确成为当前环境侵权“无因果关系”适用中的疑难问题,建议增列“次生污染物”对损害的“无因果关系”情形、细化污染物的到达标准、明确损害发生地的范围,从而实现环境侵权“无因果关系”认定规则适用的息争止纷。

“No causation”and“causation”are the circumscribed distinction of“causation”in environmental tort,which are opposite to each other,each having distsoictive focus.The“causal relationship”focuses on the positive proof of the existence of causal relationship,“non-causal relationship”focuses on the reverse to block the establishment of causal relationship.The People’s Court in judicial practice will presume that there is a causal relationship.In judicial practice,the People’s Court will presume“causal relationship”as the logical starting point for proving“non-causal relationship”.“Secondary pollutants”on the damage of the“no causation”situation is not involved;It is not specified in the case of the arrival of pollutants;The scope of the damage in the case of“no causation”is not clear;In the application of the current environmental tort“no causation”,these are problematic issues.It is proposed to add“secondary pollutants”to the“no causation”of damage.It is also recommended to add“secondary pollutants”to the“cause-free”situation of damage,refine the criteria for the arrival of pollutants,and clarify the scope of the place of damage,so as to achieve the application of environmental tort“cause-free”to reduce.