早期秦人溯源及其陇南青铜器纹饰特点

Tracing the Origin of the Early Qin People and the Characteristics of Bronze Ornamentation in Longnan

早期秦人远源虽始自颛顼,但不无神话夸张和玄幻,直接的同源即是殷商。秦人“女修吞卵”和殷人“玄鸟生商”传说属于鸟崇拜意识下的故事构型,具有巧合性和相似性,深刻地反映了二者具有共同的繁衍心理和文化基础。在这种群体意识下商末周初出现秦人“忠商叛周”就不难理解了。《清华简·系年》载秦先人周初被西迁“邾吾”,始地在今甘谷县朱圉山一带,但随着时间推移和早期秦人“为周作西卫”角色演进,属地范围推进到了清水县牛头河流域和礼县西汉水流域,已被三十多年来众多的考古发现所证实。早期秦文化分布的三个中心区,西汉水流域出土青铜器规模、品质为最,有鲜明的代表性,这些青铜器的纹饰有独到艺术特点和深厚文化内涵,因而也揭示了早期秦人特有的文化品质及其经典意义。

Although the early Qin people originated from Zhuanxu,they had no myth,exaggeration and fantasy,and their direct origin was Yin Shang.The legend of"Nv Xiu Swallowing Eggs"of Qin people and"Black Bird Breeds Shang"of Yin people belong to the story configuration under the bird worship consciousness,which has coincidence and similarity,and deeply reflects the common reproduction psychology and cultural foundation of the two.Under this kind of group consciousness,it is not difficult to understand that the Qin people"loyal to Shang and rebelled against Zhou"appeared at the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty.According to the records of Xi Nian in Qinghua Bamboo Slips,the ancestors of Qin Dynasty were moved westward to"Zhu Wu"at the beginning of Zhou Dynasty.However,as time went on and the role of the early Qin people as"the Western Defenders for Zhou"evolved,the territorial scope was extended to the Niutou River Basin in Qingshui County and the Xihan River Basin in Lixian County in Longnan,which has been confirmed by many archaeological discoveries in the past 30 years.Among the three central areas of the early Qin culture,the bronze wares unearthed in the Western Han River Basin are the most representative in terms of scale and quality.The patterns of these bronzes have unique artistic characteristics and profound cultural connotation,which also reveals the unique cultural quality and classic meaning of the early Qin people.