气管肿瘤切除与重建术的呼吸道管理新方法研究

Respiratory tract management of resection and reconstruction in tracheal tumor

目的探讨气管肿瘤切除与重建术的呼吸道管理新方法。方法分析2008年1月至2020年10月39例气管肿瘤(原发性气管肿瘤30例,继发性气管肿瘤9例)切除与重建术的呼吸道管理的临床资料。其中男23例,女16例。年龄28~75岁。气管上段肿瘤19例,气管中段肿瘤12例,气管下段肿瘤8例。术前综合病史、症状、影像学、纤维支气管镜等检查结果进行气道评估,探讨气管肿瘤的部位、阻塞的程度、肿瘤的大小与性质等重要因素。根据气道评估分别选用经口气管插管、经颈气管切开插管、喉罩、经胸腔镜切口,电视辅助胸腔镜手术切口(VATS)或传统开胸切口术野内远端气管插管、体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)等方法对气管肿瘤切除与重建患者进行个体化的呼吸道管理。在术中通常需要将上述方法有机组合,39例气管肿瘤中有30例在手术中采用2种呼吸道管理方法。本组中1例气管中段肿瘤采用VATS手术行气管肿瘤切除重建。另1例甲状腺癌侵犯气管的患者,其气管极度狭窄,在无法通过气管插管和气管切开建立有效气道通气的情况下,采用体外膜肺氧合ECMO进行气管肿瘤切除VATS与重建。本研究使用了卡方检验来比较气管肿瘤患者在手术中的通气情况。结果 39例均顺利完成气管肿瘤切除与重建手术。其中1例气管中段肿瘤采用VATS经右侧胸"四孔"胸腔镜切口、1例甲状腺癌侵犯气管采用ECMO、18例气管上段肿瘤采用颈部领式切口、11例气管中段肿瘤和8例气管下段肿瘤采用右胸后外侧切口行气管肿瘤切除与重建。气管下段肿瘤患者在单肺通气期间更易出现氧合不足的情况,4例在术中出现脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)<90%(χ^(2)=9.140,P<0.05),经吸痰、加压张肺等对症处理后,SpO2恢复到95%以上。其余35例通气良好,SpO2均>95%。1例采用体外循环下气管肿瘤切除与重建的患者带气管导管入重症监护室观察,于术后24 h内拔出气管插管。其余患者术毕均清醒后拔管,无相关并发症发生。结论气管肿瘤切除与重建术应采用个体化的呼吸道管理,本组自创的VATS气管肿瘤呼吸道管理方法安全可靠,操作简单,有利于气管肿瘤手术的顺利进行。

Objective To estimate procedures of airway management during tracheal resection and reconstruction.Methods We retrospective reviewed patients with tracheal tumor undergoing tracheal resection and reconstruction during past twelve years.A total of 39 patients were enrolled,including 30 patients with primary tumor and 9 cases of secondary tumor.The procedure of airway managements was conducted according to medical history,clinical symptom,radiographic and fiberoptic bronchoscope results,tumor size,and the level of tracheal obstruction.Orotracheal intubation,tracheotomy,laryngeal mask,and extracorporeal circulation were applied according to individual assessments.Pearson′s Chi-square was used to compare categorical variables.Results Procedures of surgery and incubation were succeeded in all 39 cases.Intraoperative suboptimal oxygenation(SpO2<90%)was detected in only 4 patients with lower tracheal tumor(χ^(2)=9.140,P<0.05).Extracorporeal circulation was conducted on one case of severe tracheal obstruction.All the rest of patients were extubated after anesthetic resuscitation immediately with no complications.Conclusion Airway management is an important basis for tracheal resection and reconstruction.The selection of the most appropriate airway should be personalized according to pre-operative conditions,which contributes to effective incubation and treatment outcomes.