增产节约运动与中国工业计划体制的建立(1949-1952)

Campaign to Increase Production and Practise Economy and The Establishment of China’s Industrial Planning System(1949-1952)

为了探究中国工业计划管理体制建立的缘起,通过梳理和解读增产节约运动与中国工业计划体制建立的相关史料,考察了二者的联系性。研究发现:中华人民共和国成立初期面临着严峻的财政经济形势,党和政府力图通过开展增产节约运动迅速增加生产,节约支出。在增产节约运动中,通过加强生产成本管理、经济核算制、生产竞赛运动、计件工资制等措施,国家实现了对国营企业的直接管理。为推进“增产节约”运动,国家设立了各级工业计划管理机构,建立了国家工业计划的指标管理体系和统一的报表制度。同时,国家还通过增产节约运动来应对国营企业“激励机制”不足和“投资需求膨胀”的问题,从而加强了对企业的计划管理。可见,“一五”计划之前中华人民共和国工业计划体制的建立缘起,宏观背景是当时严峻的财政经济形势,直接推动因素则是迫切需要增加工业生产、节约支出的现实需要。

The study aims to explore the origin of the establishment of China’s industrial planning management system.The relationship between the Campaign to increase production and practise economy and the establishment of China’s industrial planning system is investigated based on the relevant historical materials.It is found that in the early years of People’s Republic of China,faced with a severe financial and economic situation,the Communist Party of China and the government strove to rapidly increase production and save expenditure through the Campaign.The state realized the direct management of state-owned enterprises through production cost control,economic accounting system,production competition,piece-rate system and other measures.In order to promote the campaign,the industrial planning administrations at all levels were set up,and the management system of the the national industrial planning index system and reporting system were established.At the same time,in this Campaign,the state solved the problems of“insufficient incentive mechanism”and“expansion of investment demand”the state-owned enterprises had had,thus strengthening the enterprise planning management.It can be seen that before the first five-year plan,China’s industrial planning system was established under the macro background of the severe financial and economic situation at that time and was push forward directly by the urgent need to increase industrial production and save expenditure.