政府数据开放的法律规制:美国立法与中国路径——基于美国《开放政府数据法》(OGDA)的思考

Legal Regulation of Government Data Opening:American Legislation and China’s Path:Reflection Based on the US the Open,Public,Electronic,and Necessary(OPEN)Government Data Act

[目的/意义]政府数据开放要依托强有力的法制保障。美国的政府数据开放立法走在世界前列,其成功经验对我国的相关立法工作具有积极的借鉴意义。[方法/过程]运用文献查阅、对比、综合分析法,对目前国内外政府数据开放的相关研究进行回顾,引出研究问题;描述美国政府数据开放的现状和梳理其相关立法演进情况,重点分析美国法律"新标杆"——《开放政府数据法》的主要内容和特色、现实意义;将中、美政府数据开放立法情况予以对比;分析美国政府数据开放立法的优势及其对中国借鉴的适用性。在此基础上,提出关于我国政府数据开放法律规制的立法路径之思路。[结果/结论]应从4个方面探寻我国政府数据开放的法律规制路径:明确将"公民公共数据权"作为政府数据开放的权利基础;在《政府信息公开条例》《数据安全法(草案)》的基础上,着手制订我国的《政府数据开放法》;协调政府数据开放与个人信息保护的法律平衡;明确政府数据开放的认证许可和法律授权。

[Purpose/significance]Government data openness must rely on powerful legal guarantee.American government data openness legislation takes the world lead.It’s successful experiences have active reference meanings for Chinese relevant legislation work.[Method/process]Using document consultation,comparison and comprehensive analysis methods,the paper reviews domestic and abroad research on government data openness at present,leads to research item.Also,the paper describes the situation of American government data openness and untangles its relevant legislation evolution,gives a key analysis of American"New Act Benchmarking":US the Open,Public,Electronic,and Necessary(OPEN)Government Data Act’s main contents and characters,realistic meanings.And contrasts the situation of Chinese and American government data openness legislation,analyzes the advantages and Chinese reference applicability of American government data openness legislation.Based on these,the mentalities of legal regulation of Chinese government data openness are put forward.[Result/conclusion]We should explore the mentalities of legal regulation of Chinese government data openness from four aspects:specifically takes"Citizen’s Public Data Right"as the right basis of government data openness;to draw up Chinese Government Data Openness Law based on Regulations on disclosure of government information and Data Security Law of P.R.C.;to coordinate the balance of government data openness and personal information protection;to make clear the certification license and legal authorization.