从“一宇二内”“一堂二内”到“一明两暗”——秦汉民宅的考古发现与研究

From “A House with Two Rooms” “One Central Room with Two Rooms” to “One Living Room with One Room on Both Sides”——Archaeological Discovery and Research of Civil Houses in Qin and Han Dynasties

民宅发展到秦汉,出现了"一宇二内"与"一堂二内"两种流行的样式。从考古发现与文献记载来看,"一宇二内"与"一堂二内"是两种不同的民宅。从"一堂二内"演变为"一明两暗",奠定了我国较为典型的民宅的基本样式。"一宇二内"与"一堂二内"都是较富裕家庭的住宅,一般劳动者的住宅大多为半地穴式或"一宇一内"。入东汉后,一般劳动者也越来越多地于地面上修建房屋。"两内"分别称"大内""小内"或"东内""西内","东内"多为寝室。民宅以"西内"为上,"宅不西益"是一种古老的习俗。民宅也有"门牌号"。睡虎地秦墓竹简与《史记》记载的"田舍",乃农忙时节农夫在田野中的临时居所。

Up to the Qin and Han dynasties, in civil house style there appeared two popular styles of "a house with two rooms" and "one central room with two rooms", and they were two different types of civil houses according to the archaeological discovery and documentary records. The evolution from "one central room with two rooms" to "one living room with one room on both sides" laid the basic style of the most typical civil houses in China. "A house with two rooms" and "one central room with two rooms" were the houses of wealthier families, and most of the houses of ordinary laborers were in semi-underground cave style or "a house with one room". After entering the Eastern Han Dynasty, more and more ordinary laborers built houses on the ground. "Two rooms" were respectively called "large room" and "small room" or "east room"and "west room", with the "east room" mostly for the bedroom. In civil houses the"west room" was highly regarded, and "no addition to the west room" was an ancient custom. Civil houses also had "house numbers". The "farm sheds" recorded in the bamboo slips found in the tomb of the Qin Dynasty in Shuihudi and in Shih Chi were the temporary residences of the farmers in the fields during busy farming seasons.