所有权概念有体性之超越及其体系效应——以析评Ginossar所有权理论为视角

An Analysis on Ginossarian Theory of Ownership

在Ginossar所有权理论框架中,所有权的客体包括有体物、他物权、债权与智慧财产,所有权仅表明一种抽象的归属关系。债权同他物权一样,也具有双层结构:一是债权与债务人的内部关系;二是债权人对第三人的以消极义务为内容的外部关系。他物权与债权具有同质性,乃是一种能够自动流转的债。Ginossar所有权理论的历史渊源是Gaius的物的类型化理论,社会背景是无形财产的涌现与物权法的“无形化”趋势。这一理论为统一的处分行为制度奠定了概念基础,且能够解释“权利上的权利”现象。然而它对现行法产生了强烈的冲击,理论的妥当性与价值性皆受到质疑。根据这一所有权理论,物权法(编)被所有权一般法(通则编)取代,有体物的特别规则或应独立成编,而他物权则能被归入所有权一般法(通则编)或者债权编的有名合同。

Under the Ginossarian theory of ownership,the object of ownership includes corporeal things,iura in re aliena,obligatory rights and intellectual property,and ownership only indicates the relationship of belonging.Like iura in re aliena,obligatory rights also have a dual structure:one is the internal relationship inter partes,and the other is the external relationship with third parties that consist of a general negative duty.Iura in re alienaand obligatory rights are of the same nature,being a kind of transferable obligatory right.The Ginossarian theory of ownership can find its historical origin in Gaius's categorization of things(res)and is constructed under the social context of“dematerialization”of property law.This theory lays a conceptual foundation for a unified system of disposal and can provide an explanation of the phenomenon of“rights on rights”.It poses a strong challenge against the system of current property law and thus is exposed to doubts from the perspective of theoretical rightness and practical value.According to this theory of ownership,(the book of)property law can be replaced with(the book of)General Rules Concerning Ownership,special rules about corporeal movables may be arranged in an individual book,and iura in re aliena can be included either in(the book of)General Rules Concerning Ownership or in the book of obligations as typical contracts.