国家赔偿违法要件的基本构造

The Basic Structure of Illegality in State Compensation Law

我国国家赔偿的违法要件在事实上已经吸收了过错要件,因此,违法性的判断包含着两种逻辑:行为因缺少合法要件而违法和行为因未尽合理注意而违法。两种逻辑共同发挥作用,塑造了违法性的四种基本类型:无利害关系的违法,已尽合理注意的违法,未尽合理注意的违法和纯正的违法。虽然都属于国家赔偿意义上的违法,但只有后两种能够成为责任成立的基础。将过错要件独立出来的唯一意义就是为了否定责任的成立,但否定责任成立未必需要过错要件。无利害关系的违法可以通过否定原告资格来否定责任的成立;已尽合理注意的违法往往发生在间接侵害行为的场合,可以通过否定因果关系来否定责任成立,但从根本上应当通过改造责任限制条款来解决。

The illegality in State Compensation Law has actually absorbed the element of fault.Therefore,the judgment of illegality contains two logics:the act is illegal due to the lack of legal elements and the act is illegal due to lack of reasonable attention.The two logics work together to shape the four basic types of illegality:illegality without interest,illegality with reasonable care,illegality without reasonable care,and pure illegality.Although both are illegality in the sense of state compensation,only the latter two can become the basis for the establishment of liability.The only meaning of separating the elements of fault is to deny the establishment of liability,but negating the establishment of liability does not necessarily require the elements of fault.Uninterested violations can deny the establishment of liability by denying the qualifications of the plaintiff;violations that have taken reasonable care often occur in the event of indirect infringement,and the establishment of liability can be denied by denying causality,but fundamentally,the liability limitation should be reformed Terms to resolve.