数据信息财产法律属性探究

An Exploration of the Legal Attributes of Data Information Property

作为现代信息技术快速发展的产物,数据信息具有重大的使用价值和交换价值,理应建立完备的数据信息交易机制,为此,需要首先在财产法领域明确归属、扫清障碍。数据内容说较为合理地契合了民事财产法领域的规范目的,应当予以采纳。以此为基础,必须进一步引入数据信息的概念,作为财产设置的客体。基于先占理论、劳动报酬理论、功利主义理论,数据信息的财产属性得以证立,从而从根源上解决数据信息交易的合理性危机。现有民事财产法的规范体系难以适应数据信息规制的需要,应将数据信息作为一类全新的财产对待。数据信息的无体性加剧了交易的不确定性,必须通过对世性、排他性、期限性等效力的赋予加以对冲,从而框定权能和效力,降低数据信息的交易成本。数据信息的对世性、排他性效力使之具有二重救济路径,能够从财产秩序的维护角度促进市场交易的活跃。

As the product of the rapid development of modern information technology, data information has great use value and exchange value. Thus, a complete data information trading mechanism should be established. To this end, it is necessary to first define the right and clear the obstacles in the field of property law. The doctrine of defining data as content is reasonably in line with the normative purpose of the field of civil property law, which should be adopted. On the basis, the concept of data information should be further introduced as the object of property setting. Based on the theory of preemption, Locke’s labor theory of property and the theory of utilitarianism, the property attribute of data information can be established, so as to solve the rationality crisis of data information transaction from its root. The existing standard system of civil property law is difficult to meet the needs of data information regulation, therefore, data information should be treated as a new kind of property. The insubstantiality of data information aggravates the uncertainty of transactions, which must be hedged through the granting of the effects of erga omnes, exclusivity and terminability, so as to frame the power and effects of data information, as well as reduce the transaction cost. The erga omnes and exclusive nature of data information enables it with a dual-path relief, which can promote the activity of market transactions from the perspective of maintaining property order.